Lithium Citrate

Lithium Citrate is the active component of Lithium which is a drug used in treatment of psychiatric disease [1].

Lithium Citrate has shown the effects on metabolic and signaling pathways in the brain based on the specific clinical condition and disease model [2]. Lithium Citrate has been reported to use as a mood stabilizer when treating bipolar mood disorders (BD) and reduce the risk of self-harm in BD patient. In addition, Lithium Citrate has been found to be the choice drug in treatment of acute manic episodes. Moreover, Lithium Citrate has been revealed to dissolve uric acid crystals in urine obtained from patients with gout. Besides, Lithium Citrate has been exhibited to have some dose-dependent side-effects. The most of the side-effects of Lithium Citrate is the tendency to inhibit the prostatic acid phosphatase enzyme (PAP), which leading to the accumulation of PAP [1].

References:
[1] Oruch R1, Elderbi MA2, Khattab HA3, Pryme IF4, Lund A5. Lithium: A review of pharmacology, clinical uses, and toxicity. Eur J Pharmacol. 2014 Jun 30. pii: S0014-2999(14)00493-2.
[2] Janson CG1, Assadi M, Francis J, Bilaniuk L, Shera D, Leone P.Lithium citrate for Canavan disease. Pediatr Neurol. 2005 Oct; 33(4):235-43.

Improved Cycling Performance of a Si Nanoparticle Anode Utilizing Citric Acid as a Surface-Modifying Agent.[Pubmed:27996265]

Langmuir. 2017 Sep 19;33(37):9254-9261.

Citric acid and its analogues have been investigated as surface-modifying agents for Si nanoparticle anodes using electrochemical cycling, attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). A Si nanoparticle anode prepared with citric acid (CA) has better capacity retention than one containing 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BA), but both electrodes outperform Si-PVDF. The Si-CA anode has an initial specific capacity of 3530 mA h/g and a first cycle efficiency of 82%. Surprisingly, the Si-CA electrode maintains a high specific capacity of approximately 2200 mA h/g after 250 cycles, corresponding to 64% capacity retention, which is similar to the Si prepared with long-chain poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). On the contrary, the silicon electrode prepared with PVDF has a fast capacity fade and retains only 980 mA h/g after 50 cycles. The IR and XPS data show that the Si-CA electrode has an SEI composed primarily of Lithium Citrate during the first 50 cycles, resulting from the electrochemical reduction of citric acid. Only low concentrations of electrolyte reduction products are observed. The Lithium Citrate layer derived from CA stabilizes the silicon surface and suppresses electrolyte reduction, which likely contributes to the enhanced cycling performance of the Si nanoparticle anode.

Gene-expression analysis of clozapine treatment in whole blood of patients with psychosis.[Pubmed:27315048]

Psychiatr Genet. 2016 Oct;26(5):211-7.

OBJECTIVES: Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic primarily prescribed for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. We tested the specific effect of clozapine versus other drug treatments on whole-blood gene expression in a sample of patients with psychosis from the UK. METHODS: A total of 186 baseline whole-blood samples from individuals receiving treatment for established psychosis were analysed for gene expression on Illumina HumanHT-12.v4 BeadChips. After standard quality-control procedures, 152 samples remained, including 55 from individuals receiving clozapine. In a within-case study design, weighted gene correlation network analysis was used to identify modules of coexpressed genes. The influence of mood stabilizers, lithium carbonate/Lithium Citrate and sodium valproate was studied to identify their possible roles as confounders. RESULTS: Individuals receiving clozapine as their only antipsychotic (clozapine monotherapy) had a nominal association with one gene-expression module, whereas no significant change in gene expression was found for other drugs. CONCLUSION: Overall, this study does not provide evidence that clozapine treatment induces medium to large different gene-expression patterns in human whole blood versus other antipsychotic treatments. This does not rule out the possibility of smaller effects as observed for other common antipsychotic treatments.

Antiproliferative Potential of Officinal Forms and Nanoparticles of Lithium Salts.[Pubmed:27165073]

Bull Exp Biol Med. 2016 Apr;160(6):827-30.

We studied the effect of officinal forms and nanoparticles of lithium carbonate and Lithium Citrate on proliferative activity of hepatoma-29 cells. Lithium carbonate nanoparticles suppressed proliferation of hepatoma-29 cells in lower concentrations than officinal form of this salt. The antiproliferative effect of lithium salts i activation of apoptosis and arrest of hepatoma-29 cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle.

Unfolding and inactivation of proteins by counterions in protein-nanoparticles interaction.[Pubmed:27182654]

Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2016 Sep 1;145:194-200.

In this work, the structure and activity of proteins; such as, hen egg lysozyme (HEWL) and calf intestine alkaline phosphatase (CIAP); have been investigated after incubation with surface coated iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) in water. IONPs were coated with counterions bound charge-ligands and were named as the charge-ligand counterions iron oxide nanoparticles (CLC-IONPs). The coating was done with tri-Lithium Citrate (TLC) and tri-potassium citrate (TKC) to have negative surface charge of CLC-IONPs and Li(+) and K(+), respectively, as counterions. To have positive surface charge, IONPs were coated with cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and cetylpyridinium iodide (CPI) having Cl(-) and I(-), respectively, as counterions. The secondary structure of proteins was measured using far ultraviolet circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy which showed that both proteins were irreversibly unfolded after incubation with CLC-IONPs. The unfolded proteins were seen to be functionally inactive, as confirmed through their activity assays, i.e., HEWL with Escherichia coli (E. coli) and CIAP with para-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP). Additionally, we have observed that monomeric hemoglobin (Hb) from radio-resistant insect Chironomus ramosus (ChHb) was also partially unfolded upon interaction with CLC-IONPs. This work clearly shows the role of counterions in protein inactivation via protein-nanoparticles interaction and, therefore, CLC-IONPs could be used for therapeutic purpose.

Can charged colloidal particles increase the thermoelectric energy conversion efficiency?[Pubmed:28327718]

Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2017 Apr 5;19(14):9409-9416.

Currently, liquid thermocells are receiving increasing attention as an inexpensive alternative to conventional solid-state thermoelectrics for low-grade waste heat recovery applications. Here we present a novel path to increase the Seebeck coefficient of liquid thermoelectric materials using charged colloidal suspensions; namely, ionically stabilized magnetic nanoparticles (ferrofluids) dispersed in aqueous potassium ferro-/ferri-cyanide electrolytes. The dependency of thermoelectric potential on experimental parameters such as nanoparticle concentration and types of solute ions (Lithium Citrate and tetrabutylammonium citrate) is examined to reveal the relative contributions from the thermogalvanic potential of redox couples and the entropy of transfer of nanoparticles and ions. The results show that under specific ionic conditions, the inclusion of magnetic nanoparticles can lead to an enhancement of the ferrofluid's initial Seebeck coefficient by 15% (at a nanoparticle volume fraction of approximately 1%). Based on these observations, some practical directions are given on which ionic and colloidal parameters to adjust for improving the Seebeck coefficients of liquid thermoelectric materials.

Citric acid trilithium salt tetrahydrate is a pharmaceutical and construction material, used in HPLC gradient elution for quantitative amino acid analysis.

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