Chlorprothixene

Chlorprothixene (Cloxan, Taractan, Truxal) is a typical antipsychotic drug of the thioxanthene class and was the first of the series to be synthesized.

Chlorprothixene in bodies after exhumation.[Pubmed:23821789]

Forensic Sci Int. 2013 Jun 10;229(1-3):e30-4. Epub 2013 Apr 28.

Toxicological analyses on body tissues and interpretation of results after exhumation are a challenging task. We report five cases in which toxicological analyses had to be performed due to suspicion of homicide by Chlorprothixene intoxication. Exhumations had to be carried out following post mortem intervals in earth graves between two and five and a half years. Chlorprothixene and in some cases also its metabolites could be detected in liver and brain. For the interpretation of the results, Chlorprothixene concentrations determined in brain should be used because of a relative isolation of the brain within the skull. However, a loss of organ weights due to post mortem degradation, which may lead to an increase of drug levels, should be taken into account.

Intrathecal chlorprothixene, cis(z)-flupenthixol, chlorpromazine and fluphenazine for prolonged spinal blockades of sensory and motor functions in rats.[Pubmed:22926199]

Eur J Pharmacol. 2012 Oct 15;693(1-3):31-6.

The aim of this study was to examine whether thioxanthine-type antipsychotics (Chlorprothixene and cis(z)-flupenthixol) and phenothiazine-type antipsychotics (chlorpromazine and fluphenazine) produced spinal anesthesia. Using a rat model of intrathecal injection, we evaluated spinal anesthesia of antipsychotic drugs (Chlorprothixene, cis(z)-flupenthixol, chlorpromazine, and fluphenazine) and bupivacaine, a known local anesthetic. At a same dose of 2.31 mumol/kg, Chlorprothixene had the most potent spinal blockades (P<0.001) and the longest duration of action (P<0.001) of motor function and nociception among those antipsychotic drugs. On the 50% effective dose (ED(50)) basis, the ranks of potencies were Chlorprothixene=bupivacaine>cis(z)-flupenthixol>chlorpromazine>fluphenazine (P<0.01 for the differences) in dose-response studies. At an equianesthetic basis (ED(25), ED(50), and ED(75)), the spinal block duration caused by Chlorprothixene, cis(z)-flupenthixol, chlorpromazine or fluphenazine was longer than that caused by bupivacaine (P<0.05). These results showed that Chlorprothixene produced a similar potency and longer duration of spinal anesthesia than did bupivacaine, whereas several other antipsychotics produced less potency than did bupivacaine.

Postmortem femoral blood reference concentrations of aripiprazole, chlorprothixene, and quetiapine.[Pubmed:25342720]

J Anal Toxicol. 2015 Jan-Feb;39(1):41-4.

Postmortem femoral blood concentrations of the antipsychotic drugs aripiprazole, Chlorprothixene and its metabolite, and quetiapine were determined by LC-MS-MS in 25 cases for aripiprazole and 60 cases each for Chlorprothixene and quetiapine. For cases where the cause of death was not related to the considered drugs, the following blood concentration intervals (10-90 percentiles) were observed: 0.049-0.69 mg/kg for aripiprazole, 0.006-0.24 mg/kg for Chlorprothixene, and 0.006-0.37 mg/kg for quetiapine. These concentration ranges largely correspond to therapeutic plasma levels observed in vivo suggesting no or only limited postmortem redistribution for aripiprazole, Chlorprothixene with metabolite, and quetiapine in these cases. One fatality caused by Chlorprothixene with a blood level of 0.90 mg/kg was recorded, and in six cases Chlorprothixene was judged to be contributing to death with concentrations 0.43-0.91 mg/kg. No fatalities exclusively ascribed to the two other drugs were observed, but aripiprazole was considered to be contributing to death in one case (1.9 mg/kg) and quetiapine in seven cases with concentrations 0.35-10.0 mg/kg. The presented values may serve as a reference for judgment of postmortem cases with presence of these antipsychotics.

Thioxanthenes, chlorprothixene and flupentixol inhibit proton currents in BV2 microglial cells.[Pubmed:26945819]

Eur J Pharmacol. 2016 May 15;779:31-7.

The thioxanthene antipsychotic drugs Chlorprothixene and flupentixol have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The reactive oxygen species produced by NADPH oxidase during microglia-mediated inflammatory responses cause neuronal damage, thereby contributing to various neurodegenerative diseases. Voltage-gated proton channels sustain the NADPH oxidase activity, and inhibition of the channels' activity reduces the production of reactive oxygen species. Herein, the effects of Chlorprothixene and flupentixol on proton currents were investigated in BV2 microglial cells using the whole-cell patch-clamp method. Both drugs inhibited the proton currents in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50=1.7muM and 6.6muM, respectively). Chlorprothixene at 3muM slightly shifted the activation voltage toward depolarization. Both the activation and the deactivation kinetics of the proton currents were slowed by Chlorprothixene 1.2- and 3.5-fold, respectively. Thus, the inhibition of proton currents may be partly responsible for the antioxidant effects of thioxanthene antipsychotic drugs.

Chlorprothixene has strong binding affinities to dopamine and histamine receptors, such as D1, D2, D3, D5, H1, 5-HT2, 5-HT6 and 5-HT7, with Ki of 18 nM, 2.96 nM, 4.56 nM, 9 nM, 3.75 nM, 9.4 nM, 3 nM and 5.6 nM, respectively.

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