Ketoprofen

Ketoprofen (Actron) is a non-selective NSAID with IC50 of 0.5 μM and 2.33 μM for human recombinant COX-1 and COX-2, respectively.

Chemical Modifications of Ketoprofen (NSAID) in Search of Better Lead Compounds: A Review of Literature From 2004-2016.[Pubmed:28215167]

Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem. 2017;15(3):154-177.

BACKGROUND: Ketoprofen, a potent anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic drug belonging to the propionic acid class was synthesized in 1968. Rapid absorption, simple metabolism, faster blood brain barrier crossing and high antinociceptive activity are the features responsible for its high use. But, free acidic moiety present in its structure is the major factor that declines its popularity by causing various gastric side effects. Many researchers have chemically modified this drug with the aim to discover an improved and safe NSAID candidate or a new drug with altered activity. We thoroughly searched the literature and found that during the period 2004-2016, more than fifty reports are available on chemical modification of Ketoprofen. Along with this, many patents involving chemical modification of Ketoprofen have also been reported. However, it was very surprising to note that there are only a few review articles available covering only its pharmacological and clinical properties. There is no review article available covering the chemistry part of Ketoprofen. This motivated us to compile the information available on Ketoprofen and its derivatives. The purpose of this article is to present an updated review about this topic. METHODS: We thoroughly searched the peer reviewed research literature and compiled all such reportings (2004 onwards) for the benefit of researchers who further want to work on Ketoprofen or other NSAIDs. RESULTS: Studies have been conducted to invent strategies to reduce the ulcerogenic properties of Ketoprofen and in the course of time, its modified and improved derivatives have been synthesized in search of safer NSAIDs. Along with the aim of reducing the gastric side-effects, researchers have also done chemical modifications in the structure of Ketoprofen to improve its solubility, to alter its blood brain-barrierr permeability, to improve its pharmacodynamic profile and to get derivatives possessing antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer and immunomodulatory activities. CONCLUSION: The findings of the review confirm that chemical modifications of Ketoprofen decrease ulcer producing side effect while maintaining its desirable actions. Some derivatives were also found to possess better activity profile compared to the parent drug.

Ketoprofen Microemulsion for Improved Skin Delivery and In Vivo Anti-inflammatory Effect.[Pubmed:28374340]

AAPS PharmSciTech. 2017 Oct;18(7):2783-2791.

We have designed a microemulsion (ME) containing Ketoprofen (KET) for anti-inflammatory effect evaluated using the rat paw edema model. The ME was prepared by adding propylene glycol (PG) loaded with 1% KET/water (3:1, w/w), to a mixture of sorbitan monooleate and polysorbate 80 (47.0%) at 3:1 (w/w) and canola oil (38.0%). The physicochemical characterization of KET-loaded ME involved particle size and zeta potential determination, entrapment efficiency, calorimetric analysis, and in vitro drug release. The in vivo anti-inflammatory study employed male Wistar rats. Measurement of the foot volume was performed using a caliper immediately before and 2, 4, and 6 h after injection of Aerosil. KET-loaded ME showed particle size around 20 nm, with zeta potential at -16 mV and entrapment efficiency at 70%. Moreover, KET was converted to the amorphous state when loaded in the formulation and it was shown that the drug was slowly released from the ME. Finally, the in vivo biological activity was similar to that of the commercial gel, but ME better controlled edema at 4 h. These results demonstrated that the ME formulation is an alternative strategy for improving KET skin permeation for anti-inflammatory effect. Furthermore, our findings are promising considering that the developed ME was loaded with only 1% KET, and the formulation was able to keep a similar release profile and in vivo effect compared to the commercial gel with 2.5% KET. Therefore, the KET-loaded developed herein ME is likely to have a decreased side effect compared with that of the commercial gel, but both presented the same efficacy.

Substance P expression in the gingival tissue after upper third molar extraction: effect of ketoprofen, a preliminary study.[Pubmed:28337899]

J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 2017 Jan-Mar;31(1):239-244.

The aim of this study was to evaluate substance P (SP) levels and the effect of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), Ketoprofen, on SP in the pericoronal gingival tissue after extraction of upper third molars. A sample of 20 young non-smoking systemically healthy adults of both sexes, with a healthy upper third molar to extract for orthodontic purposes, was selected. After extraction, a sample of the gingival tissue of the pericoronal region was collected with a sterile scalpel, placed into test tubes and kept frozen at -20 degrees C until the SP determination. SP levels were determined by using a commercially available enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) kit. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups: group 1 received a single dose of Ketoprofen 30 minutes prior to the experimental procedure. The subjects of group 2 did not receive any kind of drug administration before extraction. The patients were asked to complete a diary on the postoperative pain. A relevant amount of SP was measured in all the gingival samples. No statistically significant difference could be detected in SP expression between the two groups. In group 1 pain appearance was significantly delayed (6.2+/-0.13 hours) in comparison with group 2 (3.95+/-0.2 hours). In this small selected group of subjects and limited study design, preventive administration of Ketoprofen did not significantly affect the gingival levels of SP, the clinical recommendation emerging is that of NSAID administration postoperatively but before pain appearance in order to optimize the management of pain of the patient.

Peptide dendrimer-conjugates of ketoprofen: Synthesis and ex vivo and in vivo evaluations of passive diffusion, sonophoresis and iontophoresis for skin delivery.[Pubmed:28285173]

Eur J Pharm Sci. 2017 May 1;102:237-249.

The aim of this study was to evaluate skin delivery of Ketoprofen when covalently tethered to mildly cationic (2(+) or 4(+)) peptide dendrimers prepared wholly by solid phase peptide synthesis. The amino acids glycine, arginine and lysine formed the dendrimer with Ketoprofen tethered either to the lysine side-arm (Nepsilon) or periphery of dendrimeric branches. Passive diffusion, sonophoresis- and iontophoresis-assisted permeation of each peptide dendrimer-drug conjugate (D1-D4) was studied across mouse skin, both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, skin toxicity of dendrimeric conjugates when trialed with iontophoresis or sonophoresis was also evaluated. All dendrimeric conjugates improved aqueous solubility at least 5-fold, compared to Ketoprofen alone, while also exhibiting appreciable lipophilicity. In vitro passive diffusion studies revealed that Ketoprofen in its native form was delivered to a greater extent, compared with a dendrimer-conjugated form at the end of 24h (Q24h (mug/cm(2)): Ketoprofen (68.06+/-3.62)>D2 (49.62+/-2.92)>D4 (19.20+/-0.89)>D1 (6.45+/-0.40)>D3 (2.21+/-0.19). However, sonophoresis substantially increased the skin permeation of Ketoprofen-dendrimer conjugates in 30min (Q30min (mug/cm(2)): D4 (122.19+/-7.14)>D2 (66.74+/-3.86)>D1 (52.10+/-3.22)>D3 (41.66+/-3.22)) although Ketoprofen alone again proved superior (Q30min: 167.99+/-9.11mug/cm(2)). Next, application of iontophoresis was trialed and shown to considerably increase permeation of dendrimeric Ketoprofen in 6h (Q6h (mug/cm(2)): D2 (711.49+/-39.14)>D4 (341.23+/-16.43)>D3 (89.50+/-4.99)>D1 (50.91+/-2.98), with a Q6h value of 96.60+/-5.12mug/cm(2) for Ketoprofen alone). In vivo studies indicated that therapeutically relevant concentrations of Ketoprofen could be delivered transdermally when iontophoresis was paired with D2 (985.49+/-43.25ng/mL). Further, histopathological analysis showed that the dendrimeric approach was a safe mode as Ketoprofen alone. The present study successfully demonstrates that peptide dendrimer conjugates of Ketoprofen, when combined with non-invasive modalities, such as iontophoresis can enhance skin permeation with clinically relevant concentrations achieved transdermally.

Ketoprofen (RP-19583) is a non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent, acting as a potent inhibitor of COX, with IC50s of 2 nM and 26 nM for COX-1 and COX-2 in human blood monocytes, respectively.

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