Ro 28-1675

Ro 28-1675 is a cell-permeable activator of glucokinase with EC50 value of 2.2μM (2.8mM glucose) [1].

Ro 28-1675 is a R enantiomer of the racemic compound Ro 28-0450 which is a initial molecule screened out from a structurally diverse synthetic compound library. Ro 28-1675 is found to direct allosterically activate the glucokinase and reverse the inhibitory action of the human glucokinase regulatory protein. Ro 28-1675 also has effects on glucose stimulated insulin release (GSIR). Treatment of Ro 28-1675 can augment insulin release in isolated rodent pancreatic islets and in pancreatic cell lines. Moreover, in preclinical models of T2D, Ro 28-1675 causes robust glucose lowering. Ro 28-1675 reduces blood glucose levels both in wild-type C57BL/6J mice and in diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice [2, 3].

References:
[1] Wolff M, Kauschke S G, Schmidt S, et al. Activation and translocation of glucokinase in rat primary hepatocytes monitored by high content image analysis. Journal of biomolecular screening, 2008, 13(9): 837-846.
[2] Grimsby J, Sarabu R, Corbett W L, et al. Allosteric activators of glucokinase: potential role in diabetes therapy. Science, 2003, 301(5631): 370-373.
[3] Haynes N E, Corbett W L, Bizzarro F T, et al. Discovery, Structure- Activity Relationships, Pharmacokinetics, and Efficacy of Glucokinase Activator (2 R)-3-Cyclopentyl-2-(4-methanesulfonylphenyl)-N-thiazol-2-yl-propionamide (RO0281675). Journal of medicinal chemistry, 2010, 53(9): 3618-3625.

Anti-La positive, anti-Ro negative subset of primary Sjogren's syndrome: anti-La is a reality but is the disease?[Pubmed:28229827]

Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2017 May-Jun;35(3):438-444. Epub 2017 Feb 20.

OBJECTIVES: To characterise the serological and clinical findings in primary Sjogren's syndrome in which anti-La was found without anti-Ro. We hypothesised that a significant portion of these are falsely negative for anti-Ro60. METHODS: Twenty-nine sera from primary Sjogren's syndrome patients were tested for antibodies directed against La and Ro. Anti-La was detected using bovine La treated with or without DNAase and RNAase to identify potential false positivity. Anti-Ro60 antibodies were detected using HEp-2000 substrate (in which cells are transfected with human Ro60) and HEp-2 substrate. Anti-Ro60 and Ro-52 were also tested by in vitro transcription/translation followed by immunoprecipitation assay. RESULTS: All 29 sera bound La, even after treatment with DNAase and RNAase. Of the 29 sera, 25 were unequivocally negative on HEp-2000 (1:40 dilution). Four samples were anti-Ro60 positive with a speckled pattern, three of the four at 1:320 dilution. Thus, false negative anti-Ro60 exists in a small fraction (14%) of the Ro-negative/La-positive primary Sjogren's patients. However, all the samples were negative for Ro60 and Ro52 by in vitro immunoprecipitation assay. Clinically these patients tended not to have salivary gland pathology characteristic of Sjogren's syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: We found only a small fraction of Ro negative/La positive sera to show positive HEp-2000 pattern. These subjects did not have characteristic findings on pathological examination of minor salivary glands, suggesting these subjects have a process distinct from Sjogren's syndrome.

Spontaneous Remission of Congenital Complete Atrioventricular Block in Anti-Ro/La Antibody-Negative Monozygotic Twins: Case Report.[Pubmed:28251027]

Balkan Med J. 2017 Jan;34(1):71-73.

BACKGROUND: Congenital complete atrioventricular block without any structural heart disease and anti-Ro/La negativity is very rare. Discordant complete atrioventricular block, which is more frequently defined in the literature as an autoimmune mechanism, is much more rare in monozygotic twins. CASE REPORT: The 26-year-old healthy mother had given birth in her first spontaneous, uneventful pregnancy to monozygotic twins at week 35. While the first twin's physical examination proved her to be normal with a pulse rate consistent with her age, the second twin had a pulse rate of approximately 40 beats/minute.The patient was confirmed to have congenital complete atrioventricular block. CONCLUSION: Despite this case appears to be an isolated one, a discordant complete atrioventricular block regression without any autoimmune evidence should be included in the differential diagnosis of bradycardia in infants.

Low titer, isolated anti Ro/SSA 60 kd antibodies is correlated with positive pregnancy outcomes in women at risk of congenital heart block.[Pubmed:28204891]

Clin Rheumatol. 2017 May;36(5):1155-1160.

Congenital heart block (CHB) is an autoantibody mediated disorder presumably caused by placental transmission of maternal autoantibodies to Ro/SSA 52 kd, p200, Ro/SSA 60 kd, La/SSB ribonucleoproteins. This study investigated the clinical significance of isolated anti-Ro/SSA 52 kd, anti-p200, anti-Ro/SSA 60 kd, and anti-La/SSB antibodies in positive pregnant patients. One hundred sixty-three pregnant women positive to anti-Ro/SSA 52 kd and/or anti-Ro/SSA 60 kd and/or anti-La/SSB antibodies were prospectively enrolled in the study. Anti-Ro52, anti-Ro60, anti-p200, and anti-La antibodies were assayed using home-made ELISA assays. Isolated antibody positivity was found in 25 women (15.3%), while multiple antibody positivity in 138 (84.7%). Twenty-four developed CHB, and the 139 had a favorable pregnancy outcome. The prevalence of isolated anti-Ro/SSA 60 kd antibodies was significantly higher (p < 0.046) as the prevalence of lower mean antibody titers (p < 0.0001) in the later group. Confirmation of these results by large-scale studies could lead clinicians to recommend less stringent fetal echocardiography monitoring in women with isolated anti-Ro/SSA 60 kd antibodies.

Neonatal lupus: Follow-up in infants with anti-SSA/Ro antibodies and review of the literature.[Pubmed:28212920]

Autoimmun Rev. 2017 Apr;16(4):427-432.

Neonatal Lupus Syndrome (NLS) is a distinct clinical entity caused by transplacental passage of maternal anti-SSA/Ro antibodies (Ab). Mothers may have systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren syndrome, or other connective tissue disease, or may be completely healthy at the time of giving birth. NLS includes several clinical manifestations: complete congenital heart block (CCHB) and cutaneous lupus are the most common, while hepatobiliary disease, hematological manifestations and central nervous system involvement may occur. Data from literature on the incidence of the different clinical manifestations of NLS are difficult to compare because they come mostly from retrospective studies or prospective studies, but up to date no systematic follow-up was carried out. We performed a large prospective single-center study with a systematic clinical and instrumental follow-up until 9months of life, in order to evaluate the incidence and the clinical impact of NLS features. From 2004 to 2014 all infants born in our center to mothers with anti-SSA/Ro Ab were enrolled in a specific diagnostic and follow-up (FU) program. At birth, 50 infants born to mothers with anti-SSA/Ro Ab were found positive for anti-SSA/Ro Ab. Infants were tested for anti SSA/Ro Ab at 3months of life, if positive they were re-tested at 6 and 9months. At 9months anti-SSA/Ro Ab were positive in 10% of children. In two cases (4%) a CCHB was identified during pregnancy and required pacemaker implantation at birth. In 10% of cases a transient ECG alterations was found during follow-up. Hematological NLS features (anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia) were found at birth and during FU in several patients, in all cases without clinical manifestations and in most cases with complete normalization at 9months. Mild and transient elevation of aminotransferases between 3 and 6months of life were found in 56% and 40% of patient, respectively; non-specific ultrasound cerebral anomalies in absence of clinical neurological signs were found at birth in 9 patients (18%), subsequently normalized. Prenatal maternal screening is of primary importance in order to early detect CCHB, which requires maternal treatment and pacemaker implantation at birth. Infants born to mothers with anti-SSA/Ro Ab should be monitored for all NLS features at birth. However, during the first months of life, these infants seem to develop only mild, transient and self-limited clinical manifestations, which in most cases are completely solved at 9months of life. This consideration, together with the evidence that only 10% of infants had anti-SSA/Ro Ab persistent in blood at 9months, suggests that follow-up of these children can be performed until 6-9months of life with good clinical safety. Moreover, a clinical and laboratory monitoring at 3months of life, when the highest incidence of hematological features and liver tests alterations are observed, is strongly recommended. In the future, it would be clarified if a follow-up until adulthood would be indicated in cases with persistent anti SSA/Ro or in all infants born to mother with anti SSA/Ro.