Afobazole

Fabomotizole (CM346) is an anxiolytic drug; produces anxiolytic and neuroprotective effects without any sedative or muscle relaxant actions. IC50 value: Target: anxiolytic agent Afobazole's mechanism of action remains poorly defined however, with GABAergic, NGF and BDNF release promoting, MT1 receptor antagonism, MT3 receptor antagonism, and sigma agonism suggested as potential mechanisms. Afobazole was shown to inhibit MAO-A reversibly and there might be also some involvement with serotonin receptors. Afobazole has found little clinical use outside of Russia and has not been evaluated by the FDA.

References:
[1]. Afobazole, From Wikipedia

Antimutagenic Effect of Afobazole on Blood Leukocytes in Individuals with Reproductive Dysfunction under Conditions of Anthropogenic Load.[Pubmed:27905036]

Bull Exp Biol Med. 2016 Dec;162(2):225-227.

Increased frequency of cells with chromosomal aberrations was revealed in 48-h cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes isolated North Ossetia residents with impaired reproductive function. After 2-week treatment with antimutagenic drug Afobazole, the percentage of cells with chromosomal aberrations significantly decreased from 3.77+/-0.20 to 2.48+/-0.24% (p<0.001). Significant differences between chromosome damage levels before and after administration of the drug suggest that Afobazole could be recommended for protective purposes to this group of patients.

Activation of sigma1 and sigma2 receptors by afobazole increases glial cell survival and prevents glial cell activation and nitrosative stress after ischemic stroke.[Pubmed:27488244]

J Neurochem. 2016 Nov;139(3):497-509.

Activation of sigma receptors at delayed time points has been shown to decrease injury following ischemic stroke. The mixed sigma1/sigma2 receptor agonist, 5-ethoxy-2-[2-(morpholino)-ethylthio]benzimidazole (Afobazole), provides superior long-term outcomes compared to other sigma ligands in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) stroke model. Experiments using the MCAO model were carried out to determine the molecular mechanism involved in the beneficial effects of Afobazole. Administration of Afobazole (3 mg/kg) at delayed time points post-stroke significantly increased the number of microglia and astrocytes detected in the ipsilateral hemisphere at 96 h post-surgery. Morphological analysis of the microglia indicated that a greater number of these cells were found in the ramified resting state in MCAO animals treated with Afobazole relative to MCAO vehicle controls. Similarly, fewer reactive astrocytes were detected in the injured hemisphere of Afobazole-treated animals. Both the enhanced survival and reduced activation of glial cells were abolished by co-application of either a sigma1 (BD-1063) or a sigma2 (SM-21) receptor antagonist with Afobazole. To gain further insight into the mechanisms by which Afobazole lessens stroke injury, we probed the brain sections for markers of neuroinflammation (tumor necrosis factor alpha) and nitrosative stress (S-nitrosocysteine). Data show that Afobazole significantly reduces S-nitrosocysteine levels, but does not alter tumor necrosis factor alpha expression 96 h after an ischemic stroke. Taken together our data indicate that Afobazole acting via both sigma1 and sigma2 receptors decreases stroke injury by enhancing glial cell survival, blocking ischemia-induced glial cell activation, and decreasing nitrosative stress.

Contribution of Sigma-1 receptor to cytoprotective effect of afobazole.[Pubmed:28097006]

Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2016 Nov 7;4(6):e00273.

Anxiolytic Afobazole (5-Ethoxy-2-[2-(morpholino)-ethylthio]benzimidazole dihidrochloride) has pronounced ligand properties toward Sigma-1 receptor (sigma1 receptor,SigmaR1) and MT 3 receptors. Our previous work demonstrated that Afobazole possess cytoprotective effect in the in vitro model of menadione genotoxicity (Woods et al. 1997) through interaction with MT 3 receptor (Kadnikov et al. 2014). Present study utilized previously described models to address the contribution of SigmaR1 to cytoprotective action of Afobazole. The reduction in Afobazole cytoprotective effect observed after preincubation of cell suspension with selective SigmaR1 antagonist BD-1047 revealed an important contribution of SigmaR1 in Afobazole-mediated effect. We confirmed our observation using selective SigmaR1 agonist PRE-084. We conclude that pronounced cytoprotective effect of Afobazole over PRE-084 is likely achieved by additive SigmaR1 and MT 3-mediated effects.

Effects of Afobazole on Postnatal Development of Rat Offspring.[Pubmed:28239784]

Bull Exp Biol Med. 2017 Feb;162(4):441-444.

Physical development, development of sensory and motor reflexes, behavioral and mnestic patterns were studied infantile and juvenile rat pups born by female rats receiving Afobazole during pregnancy. Physical development and development of sensory and motor reflexes in rats were completed without pathologies by the age of 2 months. During the infantile period, the rat pups demonstrated reduced body weight gain, delayed eye opening and pupillary response formation, decreased muscle force, and suppressed motor behavior. During the juvenile period, body weight gain and development of motor behavior were intensified. Females demonstrated later vagina opening and poorer mnestic responses. In males, the terms of sexual maturation were unchanged and processes of learning and memory retrieval were not impaired.

Fabomotizole is an anxiolytic drug; produces anxiolytic and neuroprotective effects without any sedative or muscle relaxant actions.

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