Etofenamate

Etofenamate is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment joint and muscular pain.

Novel Drug Delivery System for Dermal Uptake of Etofenamate: Semisolid SLN Dispersion.[Pubmed:27501715]

Curr Drug Deliv. 2017;14(3):386-393.

BACKGROUND: Semisolid SLNs are novel strategy for dermal drug administration instead of incorporating the SLN dispersions into conventional semisolids. Etofenamate loaded semisolid SLNs were successfully prepared and in vitro characterization of formulations were performed in our previous study. The present study is an attempt to evaluate the dermal behavior of the semisolid SLNs selected on the basis of previous research and investigate the properties in terms of the convenience for topical applications. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to evaluate the skin penetration characteristics of semisolid SLN formulations. The occlusive and mechanical properties of semisolid SLNs were also evaluated because of their impression on the dermal behavior of the formulations. METHOD: The occlusive properties were investigated by in vitro occlusion test. Texture analysis was performed to define the hardness, compressibility, adhesiveness, cohesiveness and elasticity of the formulations. Rat skin was chosen to evaluate the ex vivo penetration of Etofenamate loaded semisolid SLNs and commercial gel product. Coumarin-6 was used to visualize the dermal distribution of the semisolid SLN formulations. For monitorizing the penetration of coumarin-6 into the skin samples Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy was employed. RESULTS: The occlusive and mechanical properties of C1 coded semisolid SLN formulation were found more favorable in comparison with P1. The cumulative Etofenamate amount in skin samples was found to be 39.88 +/- 1.50 mug/cm2 for C1 and 30.56 +/- 2.10 mug/cm2 for P1 coded formulations. According to CLSM images, greater fluorescence intensities and deeper skin penetrations were obtained with both of the semisolid SLNs in comparison to plain Carbopol gel. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that the semisolid SLNs are promising alternative dermal drug delivery systems to the conventional dosage forms.

Analytical Quality by Design Approach in RP-HPLC Method Development for the Assay of Etofenamate in Dosage Forms.[Pubmed:26997704]

Indian J Pharm Sci. 2015 Nov-Dec;77(6):751-7.

By considering the current regulatory requirement for an analytical method development, a reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for routine analysis of Etofenamate in dosage form has been optimized using analytical quality by design approach. Unlike routine approach, the present study was initiated with understanding of quality target product profile, analytical target profile and risk assessment for method variables that affect the method response. A liquid chromatography system equipped with a C18 column (250x4.6 mm, 5 mu), a binary pump and photodiode array detector were used in this work. The experiments were conducted based on plan by central composite design, which could save time, reagents and other resources. Sigma Tech software was used to plan and analyses the experimental observations and obtain quadratic process model. The process model was used for predictive solution for retention time. The predicted data from contour diagram for retention time were verified actually and it satisfied with actual experimental data. The optimized method was achieved at 1.2 ml/min flow rate of using mobile phase composition of methanol and 0.2% triethylamine in water at 85:15, % v/v, pH adjusted to 6.5. The method was validated and verified for targeted method performances, robustness and system suitability during method transfer.

Effectiveness of etofenamate for treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial.[Pubmed:27881922]

Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2016 Nov 14;12:1693-1699.

The intramuscular application of Etofenamate in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis was not observed in the existing English language literature. The objectives of this study were to compare the efficacy of Etofenamate versus hyaluronic acid (HA) in reducing joint pain and functional improvement for mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis. The patients were randomly divided into Etofenamate (n=29) and HA (n=30) groups. Intramuscular Etofenamate injection was administered as a series of seven intramuscular injections at intervals of 1 day. Intra-articular HA injection was administered as a series of three intra-articular injections at intervals of 1 week. Clinical evaluation was made before the first injection and again both 6 and 12 months after the last injection. The evaluation consisted of patient-assessed pain on a visual analog scale (VAS) and on the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Statistical significance was found for the Etofenamate group when comparing preinjection with 12 months postinjection VAS scores (P<0.05). Statistical significance was also found for the HA group when comparing preinjection with 12 months postinjection VAS and WOMAC scores (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the Etofenamate and HA groups in terms of VAS or WOMAC scores measured at 12 months after injection (P>0.05). Results from this study indicated that, Etofenamate treatment was not significantly more effective than HA treatment. However, both methods were effective and successful in treating knee osteoarthritis.