ML 141

ML141(CID-2950007) is a potent, selective and reversible non-competitive inhibitor of Cdc42 GTPase(IC50=200 nM) with low micromolar potency and selectivity against other members of the Rho family of GTPases (Rac1, Rab2, Rab7). IC50 value: 200 nM [1] Target: Cdc42 inhibitor in vitro: In the primary HTS bead-based assay using 1 mM EDTA and 100 nM BODIPY-FL-GTP, potency for CID2950007 was IC50 = 2.6 and 5.4 μM for Cdc42 wild type and activated mutant, respectively [1]. ML141 exposure also enhanced the ability of TMX to suppress BLBC cell growth, through both induction of cell death and suppression of cell division [2]. in vivo: Treatment with ML141 + TMX caused a suppression of further tumour growth in vivo [2]. Parallel suppression of the conserved brain CDC42 activity by intracerebroventricular ML141 injection caused acute anxiety in mice [3]. using a pilocarpine-induced epileptic model, we found that pretreatment with ML141, a specific inhibitor of Cdc42, reduces seizure severity [4].

References:
[1]. Surviladze Z, et al. A Potent and Selective Inhibitor of Cdc42 GTPase. Probe Reports from the NIH Molecular Libraries Program [2]. Chen HY, et al. Inhibition of redox/Fyn/c-Cbl pathway function by Cdc42 controls tumour initiation capacity and tamoxifen sensitivity in basal-like breast cancer cells. EMBO Mol Med. 2013 May;5(5):723-36. [3]. Hanin G, et al. Competing targets of microRNA-608 affect anxiety and hypertension. Hum Mol Genet. 2014 Sep 1;23(17):4569-80. [4]. Zhang Y, et al. Inhibition of the small GTPase Cdc42 in regulation of epileptic-seizure in rats. Neuroscience. 2015 Mar 19;289:381-91.

Assessment of potential factors associating with costs of hospitalizing cardiovascular diseases in 141 hospitals in Guangxi, China.[Pubmed:28301501]

PLoS One. 2017 Mar 16;12(3):e0173451.

BACKGROUND: The rising cost of healthcare is of great concern in China, as evidenced by the media features negative reports almost daily. However there are only a few studies from well-developed cities, like Beijing or Shanghai, and little is known about healthcare costs in rest of the country. In this study, we use hospitalization summary reports (HSRs) from admitted cardiovascular diseases patients in Guangxi hospitals during 2013-2016, and we investigate temporal trends of healthcare costs and associated factors. METHODS: By generalized additive model, we compute temporal trends of cost per stay (CPS), cost per day (CPD) and others. We then use generalized linear models to assess which factors associate with CPS and CPD. FINDINGS: Using a total of 760,000 HSRs, we find that CPS appears to be stabilized around $1040 until the middle of year 2015, before exhibiting a downward trend. Similarly, CPD exhibits similar stable pattern. Meanwhile, surgery-specific CPS showed an increase in year 2013-2014, and then stabilized. Drug costs account for over 1/3 of CPS, but they are gradually declining. Costs associated with physicians' and nurses' services represent less than 5% of CPS. We found that age, sex, marital status, occupation and payment methods are significantly associated with CPS or CPD. Interestingly, we found no association between patient ethnicity and these costs. However, we did find that minority patients use more secondary hospitals than Han patients. INTERPRETATIONS: Healthcare costs in Guangxi are stable, contrary to the rise portrayed by Chinese mass media. Several factors can be associated with healthcare costs, and these may be useful for developing evidence-based policies. In particular, there is a need to encourage more Han patients to seek care in primary and secondary hospitals.

Glycated lysine-141 in haptoglobin improves the diagnostic accuracy for type 2 diabetes mellitus in combination with glycated hemoglobin HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose.[Pubmed:28360826]

Clin Proteomics. 2017 Mar 28;14:10.

BACKGROUND: Recent epidemiological studies indicate that only 30-50% of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients are identified using glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and elevated fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels. Thus, novel biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis are urgently needed for providing early and personalized treatment. METHODS: Here, we studied the glycation degrees of 27 glycation sites representing nine plasma proteins in 48 newly diagnosed male T2DM patients and 48 non-diabetic men matched for age (range 35-65 years). Samples were digested with trypsin and enriched for glycated peptides using boronic acid affinity chromatography. Quantification relied on mass spectrometry (multiple reaction monitoring) using isotope-labelled peptides as internal standard. RESULTS: The combination of glycated lysine-141 of haptoglobin (HP K141) and HbA1c provided a sensitivity of 94%, a specificity of 98%, and an accuracy of 96% to identify T2DM. A set of 15 features considering three glycation sites in human serum albumin, HP K141, and 11 routine laboratory measures of T2DM, metabolic syndrome, obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance provided a sensitivity of 98%, a specificity of 100%, and an accuracy of 99% for newly diagnosed T2DM patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our studies demonstrated the great potential of glycation sites in plasma proteins providing an additional diagnostic tool for T2DM and elucidating that the combination of these sites with HbA1c and FPG could improve the diagnosis of T2DM.

Characterization of a Cdc42 protein inhibitor and its use as a molecular probe.[Pubmed:23382385]

J Biol Chem. 2013 Mar 22;288(12):8531-43.

Cdc42 plays important roles in cytoskeleton organization, cell cycle progression, signal transduction, and vesicle trafficking. Overactive Cdc42 has been implicated in the pathology of cancers, immune diseases, and neuronal disorders. Therefore, Cdc42 inhibitors would be useful in probing molecular pathways and could have therapeutic potential. Previous inhibitors have lacked selectivity and trended toward toxicity. We report here the characterization of a Cdc42-selective guanine nucleotide binding lead inhibitor that was identified by high throughput screening. A second active analog was identified via structure-activity relationship studies. The compounds demonstrated excellent selectivity with no inhibition toward Rho and Rac in the same GTPase family. Biochemical characterization showed that the compounds act as noncompetitive allosteric inhibitors. When tested in cellular assays, the lead compound inhibited Cdc42-related filopodia formation and cell migration. The lead compound was also used to clarify the involvement of Cdc42 in the Sin Nombre virus internalization and the signaling pathway of integrin VLA-4. Together, these data present the characterization of a novel Cdc42-selective allosteric inhibitor and a related analog, the use of which will facilitate drug development targeting Cdc42-related diseases and molecular pathway studies that involve GTPases.

ML141 (CID-2950007) is a potent, allosteric，selective and reversible non-competitive inhibitor of Cdc42 GTPase. ML141 inhibits Cdc42 wild type and Cdc42 Q61L mutant with EC50s of 2.1 and 2.6 μM, respectively. ML141 shows low micromolar potency and selectivity against other members of the Rho family of GTPases (Rac1, Rab2, Rab7). ML141 do not show cytotoxicity in multiple cell lines.

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