Atrazine

Atrazine exposure shifts activity but has minimal effects on courtship in an agrobiont spider.[Pubmed:30969405]

Ecotoxicology. 2019 Apr 9. pii: 10.1007/s10646-019-02041-1.

The behavior of many animals relies upon the input of chemical signals throughout the environment. Those animals that live in close proximity to humans may then be at risk, as the input of anthropogenic chemicals can have significant sublethal effects by masking or altering these naturally occurring signals. While the herbicide Atrazine has been found to have the potential to alter such chemical information, research is lacking on how it may impact agrobiont arthropods which are the first and most direct line of exposure. Here we investigated the sublethal effects Atrazine may be playing on an agrobiont wolf spider that makes up a major component of agricultural spider communities in the Eastern United States. We exposed spiders to ecologically relevant doses of Atrazine and monitored general activity patterns as well as mating behaviors. We found that while sex determined a large portion of activity variation in these predators, both males and females spent more time mobile but at lower speeds in the presence of Atrazine. We did not find any evidence for info-disruption based on male courtship rate and mating success, but with increasing dosage of Atrazine came shortened bouts of courtship leading to copulation. These results suggest that Atrazine changed activity patterns of a wolf spider, which may result in altered foraging, survival, and reproduction.

Solubility Enhancement of Atrazine by Complexation with Cyclosophoraose Isolated from Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii TA-1.[Pubmed:30960458]

Polymers (Basel). 2019 Mar 12;11(3). pii: polym11030474.

Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii TA-1, a kind of soil bacteria, produces cyclosophoraoses (Cys). Cyclosophoraoses contain various ring sizes with degrees of polymerization ranging from 17 to 23. Atrazine is a hardly-soluble herbicide that contaminates soil and drinking water, and remains in soil for a long time. To remove this insoluble contaminant from aqueous solutions, we have enhanced the solubility of Atrazine by complexation with Cys. The complex formation of Cys and Atrazine was confirmed using (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), rotating frame nuclear overhauser spectroscopy (ROESY), and molecular modeling studies. The aqueous solubility of Atrazine was enhanced 3.69-fold according to the added concentrations (20 mM) of Cys, compared to the 1.78-fold enhancements by beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD). Cyclosophoraoses as an excellent solubility enhancer with long glucose chains that can effectively capture insoluble materials showed a potential application of microbial polysaccharides in the removal of hazardous hardly-soluble materials from aqueous solutions in the fields of biological and environmental industry.

A mechanistic view of interactions of a nanoherbicide with target organism.[Pubmed:30933503]

J Agric Food Chem. 2019 Apr 1.

Atrazine is one of the most used herbicides and has been associated with persistent surface and groundwater contamination, and novel formulations derived from nanotechnology can be a potential solution. We used poly-epsilon caprolactone nano-encapsulation of Atrazine (NC+ATZ) to develop a highly effective herbicidal formulation. Detailed structural study of interaction between the formulation and Brassica juncea plants was carried out with evaluation of the foliar uptake of nanoAtrazine and structural alterations induced in the leaves. Following post-emergent treatment, NC+ATZ adhered to the leaf and penetrated mesophyll tissue mainly through the hydathode regions. NC+ATZ was transported directly through the vascular tissue of the leaves and into the cells where it degraded the chloroplasts resulting in herbicidal activity. Nanocarrier systems, such as the one used in this study, have a great potential for agricultural applications in terms of maintenance of herbicidal activity at low concentrations and a substantial increase in the herbicidal efficacy.

Application of denitrifying bioreactors for the removal of atrazine in agricultural drainage water.[Pubmed:30884289]

J Environ Manage. 2019 Jun 1;239:48-56.

Atrazine and nitrate NO3-N are two agricultural pollutants that occur widely in surface and groundwater. One of the pathways by which these pollutants reach surface water is through subsurface drainage tile lines. Edge-of-field anaerobic denitrifying bioreactors apply organic substrates such as woodchips to stimulate the removal of NO3-N from the subsurface tile waters through denitrification. Here we investigated the co-removal of NO3-N and Atrazine by these bioreactors. Laboratory experiments were conducted using 12-L woodchips-containing flow-through bioreactors, with and without the addition of biochar, to treat two concentrations of Atrazine (20 and 50mugL(-1)) and NO3-N (1.5 and 11.5mgL(-1)), operated at four hydraulic retention time, HRT, (4h, 8h, 24h, 72h). Additionally, we examined the effect of aerating the bioreactors on Atrazine removal. Furthermore, we tested Atrazine removal by a field woodchip denitrifying bioreactor. The removal of both NO3-N and Atrazine increased with increasing HRT in the laboratory bioreactors. At 4h, the woodchip bioreactors removed 65% of NO3-N and 25% of Atrazine but, at 72h, the bioreactors eliminated all the NO3-N and 53% of Atrazine. Biochar-amended bioreactors removed up to 90% of Atrazine at 72-h retention time. We concluded that Atrazine removal was primarily via adsorption because neither aeration nor NO3-N levels had an effect. At 4-h retention time, the field bioreactors achieved 2.5 times greater Atrazine removal than the laboratory bioreactors. Our findings thus highlighted hydraulic retention time and biochar amendments as two important factors that may control the efficiency of Atrazine removal by denitrifying bioreactors. In sum, laboratory and field data demonstrated that denitrifying bioreactors have the potential to decrease pesticide transport from agricultural lands to surface waters.

Comprehensive investigation of pesticides in Brazilian surface water by high resolution mass spectrometry screening and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry quantitative analysis.[Pubmed:30878932]

Sci Total Environ. 2019 Jun 15;669:248-257.

In this work, a comprehensive investigation on the occurrence of pesticides in the Parana 3 hydrographic basin of Parana State, Brazil, was made by application of wide-scope screening based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography (GC) both coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF MS). The use of two complementary techniques, such as GC-QTOF MS and LC-QTOF MS, allowed screening a large number of compounds with different polarity and volatility. This screening approach was applied to 17 samples, enabling the detection of fifty-two pesticides and six metabolites. In a second step, an specific research was made on the herbicide Atrazine, one of the most frequent compounds in samples, and its major transformation products (TPs), which were quantitatively analyzed by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) followed by GC-MS measurement. Twenty-one agricultural streams from the Parana 3 hydrographic basin were sampled twice in 2017, each time along six successive weeks. Additional samples were also collected after rain events exceeding 10mm. In total, 407 samples were quantitatively analyzed by DLLME/GC-MS. Atrazine concentrations did not exceed the maximum permitted concentration of 2mugL(-1) according to Brazilian legislation, and only one surface water sample, collected after precipitation events, was slightly above this value (2.89mugL(-1)). The maximum concentrations for the TPs desethylAtrazine and deisopropylAtrazine were 0.80 and 1.22mugL(-1), respectively. Based on the quantification results, a map was produced showing the occurrence of Atrazine and its TPs in the area under study. This is the first time that the presence of agrochemicals is evaluated in the Parana 3 hydrographic basin.

Atrazine is principally used for control of certain annual broadleaf and grass weeds. Atrazine inhibits photophosphorylation but typically does not result in lethality or permanent cell damage in the short term.

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