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Shikonin acetyl

CAS# 54984-93-9

Shikonin acetyl

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Chemical structure

Shikonin acetyl

3D structure

Chemical Properties of Shikonin acetyl

Cas No. 54984-93-9 SDF Download SDF
PubChem ID 32464 Appearance Powder
Formula C18H18O6 M.Wt 330.33
Type of Compound Quinones Storage Desiccate at -20°C
Solubility Soluble in Chloroform,Dichloromethane,Ethyl Acetate,DMSO,Acetone,etc.
Chemical Name [1-(5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-dioxonaphthalen-2-yl)-4-methylpent-3-enyl] acetate
SMILES CC(=CCC(C1=CC(=O)C2=C(C=CC(=C2C1=O)O)O)OC(=O)C)C
Standard InChIKey WNFXUXZJJKTDOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
General tips For obtaining a higher solubility , please warm the tube at 37 ℃ and shake it in the ultrasonic bath for a while.Stock solution can be stored below -20℃ for several months.
We recommend that you prepare and use the solution on the same day. However, if the test schedule requires, the stock solutions can be prepared in advance, and the stock solution must be sealed and stored below -20℃. In general, the stock solution can be kept for several months.
Before use, we recommend that you leave the vial at room temperature for at least an hour before opening it.
About Packaging 1. The packaging of the product may be reversed during transportation, cause the high purity compounds to adhere to the neck or cap of the vial.Take the vail out of its packaging and shake gently until the compounds fall to the bottom of the vial.
2. For liquid products, please centrifuge at 500xg to gather the liquid to the bottom of the vial.
3. Try to avoid loss or contamination during the experiment.
Shipping Condition Packaging according to customer requirements(5mg, 10mg, 20mg and more). Ship via FedEx, DHL, UPS, EMS or other couriers with RT, or blue ice upon request.

Source of Shikonin acetyl

The roots of Lithosperraum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc.

Biological Activity of Shikonin acetyl

DescriptionAcetylshikonin can effectively inhibit tumor cells, it can be used to treat hepatocellular carcinoma cells expressing hepatitis B virus X protein (HBX) by inducing ER stress , an oncoprotein from hepatitis B virus. Acetylshikonin inhibits the production of eicosanoid, is due to the attenuation of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) membrane recruitment via the decrease in [Ca(2+)](i) and to the blockade of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase activity.
TargetsJNK | AChR | Bcl-2/Bax | ERK | MAPK | HO-1 | COX | Calcium Channel | HBVX
In vitro

Acetylshikonin induces apoptosis of hepatitis B virus X protein-expressing human hepatocellular carcinoma cells via endoplasmic reticulum stress.[Pubmed: 24769509]

Eur J Pharmacol. 2014 Jul 15;735:132-40.


METHODS AND RESULTS:
When Acetylshikonin was added to Hep3B cells stably expressing HBX, it induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Acetylshikonin induced upregulation and export of Nur77 to the cytoplasm and activation of JNK. Likewise, suppression of Nur77 and JNK inactivation protected the cells from Acetylshikonin-induced apoptosis, indicating that Nur77 upregulation and JNK activation were required for Acetylshikonin-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, Acetylshikonin increased the expression of Bip and ubiquitination levels of cellular proteins, features of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, via the production of reactive oxygen species in a dose-dependent manner. Suppression of reactive oxygen species with N-acetylcysteine reduced levels of Bip protein and ubiquitination levels of cellular proteins during Acetylshikonintreatment, leading to protection of cells from apoptosis. Cycloheximide treatment reduced Acetylshikonin-induced ER stress, suggesting that protein synthesis is involved in Acetylshikonin-induced ER stress. Moreover, we showed using salubrinal, an ER stress inhibitor that reactive oxygen species production, Acetylshikonin activation, and Nur77 upregulation and its translocation to cytoplasm are necessary for ER-induced stress. Interestingly, we found that JNK inactivation suppresses Acetylshikonin-induced ER stress, whereas Nur77 siRNA treatment does not, indicating that JNK is required for Acetylshikonin-induced ER stress.
CONCLUSIONS:
Accordingly, we report that Acetylshikonin induces ER stress, which is prerequisite for apoptosis of HBX-expressing hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

Acetylshikonin, a Novel AChE Inhibitor, Inhibits Apoptosis via Upregulation of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in SH-SY5Y Cells.[Pubmed: 24302971]

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:937370.

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are prominent alternative in current clinical treatment for AD patients. Therefore, there is a continued need to search for novel AChEIs with good clinical efficacy and less side effects.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
By using our in-house natural product database and AutoDock Vina as a tool in docking study, we have identified twelve phytochemicals (emodin, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, and rhein in Rhei Radix Et Rhizoma; xanthotoxin, phellopterin, alloisoimperatorin, and imperatorin in Angelicae dahuricae Radix; shikonin, Acetylshikonin, isovalerylshikonin, and β,β-dimethylacrylshikonin in Arnebiae Radix) as candidates of AChEIs that were not previously reported in the literature. In addition to AChEI activity, a series of cell-based experiments were conducted for the investigation of their neuroprotective activities. We found that Acetylshikonin and its derivatives prevented apoptotic cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide in human and rat neuronal SH-SY5Y and PC12 cells at 10 μM.
CONCLUSIONS:
We showed that Acetylshikonin exhibited the most potent antiapoptosis activity through the inhibition of the generation of reactive oxygen species as well as protection of the loss of mitochondria membrane potential. Furthermore, we identified for the first time that the upregulation of heme oxygenase 1 by Acetylshikonin is a key step mediating its antiapoptotic activity from oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells.

Protocol of Shikonin acetyl

Kinase Assay

The influence of acetylshikonin, a natural naphthoquinone, on the production of leukotriene B4 and thromboxane A2 in rat neutrophils.[Pubmed: 19232341]

Eur J Pharmacol. 2009 Apr 1;607(1-3):234-43.


METHODS AND RESULTS:
Both A23187 and formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) induced the release of arachidonic acid and the production of thromboxane B(2) and leukotriene B(4) from rat neutrophils that were inhibited by Acetylshikonin in a concentration-dependent manner. Acetylshikonin blocked exogenous arachidonic acid-induced leukotriene B(4) and thromboxane B(2) production in neutrophils and inhibited the enzymatic activity of ram seminal vesicles cyclooxygenase and human recombinant 5-lipoxygenase, whereas it had no effect on cytosolic phospholipase A(2) activity, in cell-free systems. 3-Morpholinosydnonimine- and 13S-hydroperoxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid (13-HpODE)-mediated dihydrorhodamine 123 oxidation (to assess the lipid peroxide and peroxynitrite scavenging activity) was reduced by Acetylshikonin. The membrane recruitment of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) was inhibited, but the phosphorylation of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) was enhanced, by Acetylshikonin in the A23187-induced response. Acetylshikonin alone stimulated extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation and enhanced this response in cells stimulated with A23187 and fMLP. The phosphorylation of ERKs and cytosolic phospholipase A(2) was attenuated by U0126, a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor. Acetylshikonin facilitated both A23187- and fMLP-mediated translocation of 5-lipoxygenase to the membrane. Acetylshikonin attenuated both fMLP- and ionomycin-mediated [Ca(2+)](i) elevation.
CONCLUSIONS:
These results indicate that the inhibition of eicosanoid production by Acetylshikonin is due to the attenuation of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) membrane recruitment via the decrease in [Ca(2+)](i) and to the blockade of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase activity.

Cell Research

Inhibitory effect of acetylshikonin on human gastric carcinoma cell line SGC-7901 in vitro and in vivo.[Pubmed: 19370777]

World J Gastroenterol. 2009 Apr 21;15(15):1816-20.

To investigate the inhibitory effect of Acetylshikonin on human gastric carcinoma cell line SGC-7901 and its mechanism.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
MTT assay was used to assess the inhibitory effect of Acetylshikonin on proliferation of SGC-7901 cells. Apoptosis-inducing effect was determined by flow cytometry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling with Hoechst staining. Expression of mRNA and protein in Bcl-2 and Bax was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Antitumor effect of Acetylshikonin on a mouse SGC-7901 model was also determined. Forty-eight hours after treatment with Acetylshikonin, MTT assay showed that Acetylshikonin inhibited the proliferation of SGC-7901 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The half maximal inhibitory concentration of Acetylshikonin to SGC-7901 cells was 0.428 +/- 0.07 mg/L. Cell shrinkage, nuclear pyknosis and chromatin condensation, which are the characteristics of cell apoptosis, were observed in treated SGC-7901 cells and the percentage of apoptosis increased in a dose-dependent manner. Acetylshikonin down-regulated the expression of Bcl-2 and up-regulated the expression of Bax in the treated SGC-7901 cells compared with the controls. The experiment in vivo showed that 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg of Acetylshikonin significantly inhibited the growth of tumor in the mouse SGC-7901 model, with an inhibitory rate of 25.00%-55.76%.
CONCLUSIONS:
Acetylshikonin inhibits the growth of SGC-7901 cells in vitro and in vivo by inducing cell apoptosis.

Structure Identification
AAPS PharmSciTech. 2014 Apr;15(2):425-33.

Encapsulation of acetylshikonin by polyamidoamine dendrimers for preparing prominent nanoparticles.[Pubmed: 24449188]

Acetylshikonin (AS) has demonstrated antitumor potential. However, the development of therapeutic applications utilizing AS is inhibited by its poor solubility in water.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
In the present work, polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers and their PEGylated derivatives were employed to increase the solubility of AS. A distinct color transition was observed during the encapsulation of AS suggesting strong intermolecular forces between PAMAM and AS. Ultraviolet-visible, high-performance liquid chromatography, and (1)H NMR were used to verify the interaction between PAMAM and AS. The maximum amount of combined AS to each PAMAM molecule was determined.
CONCLUSIONS:
The cytotoxicity of AS nanoparticles was evaluated against leukemia (K562) and breast cancer (SK-BR-3) cell lines; the AS nanoparticles were shown to effectively inhibit tumor cells.

Shikonin acetyl Dilution Calculator

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Preparing Stock Solutions of Shikonin acetyl

1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 20 mg 25 mg
1 mM 3.0273 mL 15.1364 mL 30.2728 mL 60.5455 mL 75.6819 mL
5 mM 0.6055 mL 3.0273 mL 6.0546 mL 12.1091 mL 15.1364 mL
10 mM 0.3027 mL 1.5136 mL 3.0273 mL 6.0546 mL 7.5682 mL
50 mM 0.0605 mL 0.3027 mL 0.6055 mL 1.2109 mL 1.5136 mL
100 mM 0.0303 mL 0.1514 mL 0.3027 mL 0.6055 mL 0.7568 mL
* Note: If you are in the process of experiment, it's necessary to make the dilution ratios of the samples. The dilution data above is only for reference. Normally, it's can get a better solubility within lower of Concentrations.

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References on Shikonin acetyl

The influence of acetylshikonin, a natural naphthoquinone, on the production of leukotriene B4 and thromboxane A2 in rat neutrophils.[Pubmed:19232341]

Eur J Pharmacol. 2009 Apr 1;607(1-3):234-43.

Both A23187 and formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) induced the release of arachidonic acid and the production of thromboxane B(2) and leukotriene B(4) from rat neutrophils that were inhibited by acetylshikonin in a concentration-dependent manner. Acetylshikonin blocked exogenous arachidonic acid-induced leukotriene B(4) and thromboxane B(2) production in neutrophils and inhibited the enzymatic activity of ram seminal vesicles cyclooxygenase and human recombinant 5-lipoxygenase, whereas it had no effect on cytosolic phospholipase A(2) activity, in cell-free systems. 3-Morpholinosydnonimine- and 13S-hydroperoxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid (13-HpODE)-mediated dihydrorhodamine 123 oxidation (to assess the lipid peroxide and peroxynitrite scavenging activity) was reduced by acetylshikonin. The membrane recruitment of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) was inhibited, but the phosphorylation of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) was enhanced, by acetylshikonin in the A23187-induced response. Acetylshikonin alone stimulated extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation and enhanced this response in cells stimulated with A23187 and fMLP. The phosphorylation of ERKs and cytosolic phospholipase A(2) was attenuated by U0126, a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor. Acetylshikonin facilitated both A23187- and fMLP-mediated translocation of 5-lipoxygenase to the membrane. Acetylshikonin attenuated both fMLP- and ionomycin-mediated [Ca(2+)](i) elevation. These results indicate that the inhibition of eicosanoid production by acetylshikonin is due to the attenuation of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) membrane recruitment via the decrease in [Ca(2+)](i) and to the blockade of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase activity.

Inhibitory effect of acetylshikonin on human gastric carcinoma cell line SGC-7901 in vitro and in vivo.[Pubmed:19370777]

World J Gastroenterol. 2009 Apr 21;15(15):1816-20.

AIM: To investigate the inhibitory effect of acetylshikonin on human gastric carcinoma cell line SGC-7901 and its mechanism. METHODS: MTT assay was used to assess the inhibitory effect of acetylshikonin on proliferation of SGC-7901 cells. Apoptosis-inducing effect was determined by flow cytometry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling with Hoechst staining. Expression of mRNA and protein in Bcl-2 and Bax was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Antitumor effect of acetylshikonin on a mouse SGC-7901 model was also determined. RESULTS: Forty-eight hours after treatment with acetylshikonin, MTT assay showed that acetylshikonin inhibited the proliferation of SGC-7901 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The half maximal inhibitory concentration of acetylshikonin to SGC-7901 cells was 0.428 +/- 0.07 mg/L. Cell shrinkage, nuclear pyknosis and chromatin condensation, which are the characteristics of cell apoptosis, were observed in treated SGC-7901 cells and the percentage of apoptosis increased in a dose-dependent manner. Acetylshikonin down-regulated the expression of Bcl-2 and up-regulated the expression of Bax in the treated SGC-7901 cells compared with the controls. The experiment in vivo showed that 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg of acetylshikonin significantly inhibited the growth of tumor in the mouse SGC-7901 model, with an inhibitory rate of 25.00%-55.76%. CONCLUSION: Acetylshikonin inhibits the growth of SGC-7901 cells in vitro and in vivo by inducing cell apoptosis.

Encapsulation of acetylshikonin by polyamidoamine dendrimers for preparing prominent nanoparticles.[Pubmed:24449188]

AAPS PharmSciTech. 2014 Apr;15(2):425-33.

Acetylshikonin (AS) has demonstrated antitumor potential. However, the development of therapeutic applications utilizing AS is inhibited by its poor solubility in water. In the present work, polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers and their PEGylated derivatives were employed to increase the solubility of AS. A distinct color transition was observed during the encapsulation of AS suggesting strong intermolecular forces between PAMAM and AS. Ultraviolet-visible, high-performance liquid chromatography, and (1)H NMR were used to verify the interaction between PAMAM and AS. The maximum amount of combined AS to each PAMAM molecule was determined. The cytotoxicity of AS nanoparticles was evaluated against leukemia (K562) and breast cancer (SK-BR-3) cell lines; the AS nanoparticles were shown to effectively inhibit tumor cells.

Acetylshikonin, a Novel AChE Inhibitor, Inhibits Apoptosis via Upregulation of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in SH-SY5Y Cells.[Pubmed:24302971]

Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:937370.

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are prominent alternative in current clinical treatment for AD patients. Therefore, there is a continued need to search for novel AChEIs with good clinical efficacy and less side effects. By using our in-house natural product database and AutoDock Vina as a tool in docking study, we have identified twelve phytochemicals (emodin, aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, and rhein in Rhei Radix Et Rhizoma; xanthotoxin, phellopterin, alloisoimperatorin, and imperatorin in Angelicae dahuricae Radix; shikonin, acetylshikonin, isovalerylshikonin, and beta,beta-dimethylacrylshikonin in Arnebiae Radix) as candidates of AChEIs that were not previously reported in the literature. In addition to AChEI activity, a series of cell-based experiments were conducted for the investigation of their neuroprotective activities. We found that acetylshikonin and its derivatives prevented apoptotic cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide in human and rat neuronal SH-SY5Y and PC12 cells at 10 muM. We showed that acetylshikonin exhibited the most potent antiapoptosis activity through the inhibition of the generation of reactive oxygen species as well as protection of the loss of mitochondria membrane potential. Furthermore, we identified for the first time that the upregulation of heme oxygenase 1 by acetylshikonin is a key step mediating its antiapoptotic activity from oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells.

Acetylshikonin induces apoptosis of hepatitis B virus X protein-expressing human hepatocellular carcinoma cells via endoplasmic reticulum stress.[Pubmed:24769509]

Eur J Pharmacol. 2014 Jul 15;735:132-40.

Since it has been known that shikonin derived from a medicinal plant possesses anti-cancer activity, we wonder whether acetylshikonin (ASK), a derivate of shikonin, can be used to treat hepatocellular carcinoma cells expressing hepatitis B virus X protein (HBX), an oncoprotein from hepatitis B virus. When ASK was added to Hep3B cells stably expressing HBX, it induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. ASK induced upregulation and export of Nur77 to the cytoplasm and activation of JNK. Likewise, suppression of Nur77 and JNK inactivation protected the cells from ASK-induced apoptosis, indicating that Nur77 upregulation and JNK activation were required for ASK-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, ASK increased the expression of Bip and ubiquitination levels of cellular proteins, features of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, via the production of reactive oxygen species in a dose-dependent manner. Suppression of reactive oxygen species with N-acetylcysteine reduced levels of Bip protein and ubiquitination levels of cellular proteins during ASK treatment, leading to protection of cells from apoptosis. Cycloheximide treatment reduced ASK-induced ER stress, suggesting that protein synthesis is involved in ASK-induced ER stress. Moreover, we showed using salubrinal, an ER stress inhibitor that reactive oxygen species production, JNK activation, and Nur77 upregulation and its translocation to cytoplasm are necessary for ER-induced stress. Interestingly, we found that JNK inactivation suppresses ASK-induced ER stress, whereas Nur77 siRNA treatment does not, indicating that JNK is required for ASK-induced ER stress. Accordingly, we report that ASK induces ER stress, which is prerequisite for apoptosis of HBX-expressing hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

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