GSK2879552

Description:

EC50: 38 nM for anti-proliferative growth effect in 19 of 25 AML cell lines

Lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is a histone H3K4me1/2 demethylase found in various transcriptional co-repressor complexes. LSD1 can interact with pluripotency factors in human embryonic stem cells and is important for decommissioning enhancers in stem cell differentiation. LSD1 is overexpressed in multiple cancer types and recent studies suggest inhibition of LSD1 reactivates the all-trans retinoic acid receptor pathway in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). GSK2879552 is a novel and irreversible LSD1 inhibitor.

In vitro: Six days of GSK2879552 treatment resulted in potent anti-proliferative growth effects in 19 of 25 AML cell lines representing a range of AML subtypes. Treating for longer time periods revealed sensitivity in all AML cell lines. AML blast colony forming ability was also inhibited in 4 of 5 bone marrow samples derived from primary AML patient samples [1].

In vivo: After 17 days of GSK2879552 treatment, control mice had 80% GFP+ cells in the bone marrow whereas treated mice had only 2.8% GFP positive cells, and the treated animals survived weeks beyond control mice [1].

Clinical trial: A phase I, open-label, multi-center, non-randomized, 2-part first time in human (FTIH) study for GSK2879552 has been condcuted to investigate the effect of GSK2879552 in subjects with relapsed/refractory small cell lung carcinoma.

Reference:
[1] Kimberly Smitheman, Monica Cusan, Yan Liu, Michael Butticello, Melissa Pappalardi, James Foley, Kelly Federowicz, Glenn Van Aller, Jiri Kasparec, Xinrong Tian, Dominic Suarez, Jess Schneck, Jeff Carson, Patrick McDevitt, Thau Ho, Charles McHugh, William Miller, Scott Armstrong, Christine Hann, Neil Johnson, Ryan G.  Kruger, Helai P. Mohammad, Shekhar Kamat. Inhibition of LSD1 for the treatment of cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3513. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3513


Lysine specific demethylase 1 inactivation enhances differentiation and promotes cytotoxic response when combined with all-trans retinoic acid in acute myeloid leukemia across subtypes.[Pubmed:30514804]

Haematologica. 2018 Dec 4. pii: haematol.2018.199190.

Lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is a histone modifying enzyme that suppresses gene expression through demethylation of lysine 4 on histone H3. The anti-tumor activity of GSK2879552 and GSK-LSD1, potent, selective irreversible inactivators of LSD1, has previously been described.1 Inhibition of LSD1 results in a cytostatic growth inhibitory effect in a range of acute myeloid leukemia cell lines. To enhance the therapeutic potential of LSD1 inhibition in this disease setting, a combination of LSD1 inhibition and all-trans retinoic acid was explored. All-trans retinoic acid is currently approved for use in acute promyelocytic leukemia in which it promotes differentiation of abnormal blast cells into normal white blood cells. Combined treatment with all-trans retinoic acid and GSK2879552 results in synergistic effects on cell proliferation, markers of differentiation, and, most importantly, cytotoxicity. Ultimately the combination potential for LSD1 inhibition and ATRA will require validation in acute myeloid leukemia patients, and clinical studies to assess this are currently underway.

Selective DOT1L, LSD1, and HDAC Class I Inhibitors Reduce HOXA9 Expression in MLL-AF9 Rearranged Leukemia Cells, But Dysregulate the Expression of Many Histone-Modifying Enzymes.[Pubmed:29972300]

J Proteome Res. 2018 Aug 3;17(8):2657-2667.

Mixed lineage leukemia results from chromosomal rearrangements of the gene mixed lineage leukemia (MLL). MLL-AF9 is one such rearrangement that recruits the lysine methyltransferase, human disruptor of telomere silencing 1-like (DOT1L) and lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), resulting in elevated expression of the Homeobox protein A9 (HOXA9), and leukemia. Inhibitors of LSD1 or DOT1L reduce HOXA9 expression, kill MLL-rearranged cells, and may treat leukemia. To quantify their effects on histone modifying enzyme activity and expression in MLL-rearranged leukemia, we tested inhibitors of DOT1L (EPZ-5676), LSD1 (GSK2879552), and HDAC (mocetinostat), in the MLL-AF9 cell line MOLM-13. All inhibitors reduced MOLM-13 viability but only mocetinostat induced apoptosis. EPZ-5676 increased total histone lysine dimethylation, which was attributed to a reduction in LSD1 expression, and was indistinguishable from direct LSD1 inhibition by GSK2879552. All compounds directly inhibit, or reduce the expression of, HOXA9, DOT1L and LSD1 by qPCR, increase total histone lysine methylation and acetylation by LC-MS/MS, and specifically reduce H3K79Me2 and increase H3K14Ac. Each inhibitor altered the expression of many histone modifying enzymes which may precipitate additional changes in expression. To the extent that this decreases HOXA9 expression it benefits mixed lineage leukemia treatment, all other expression changes are off-target effects.

Electrophilic Zinc Homoenolates: Synthesis of Cyclopropylamines from Cyclopropanols and Amines.[Pubmed:28809490]

J Am Chem Soc. 2017 Aug 23;139(33):11357-11360.

Metal homoenolates, produced via C-C bond cleavage of cyclopropanols, have been extensively investigated as nucleophiles for the synthesis of beta-substituted carbonyl derivatives. Herein, we demonstrate that zinc homoenolates can react as carbonyl-electrophiles in the presence of nucleophilic amines to yield highly valuable trans-cyclopropylamines in good yields and high diastereoselectivities. GSK2879552, a lysine demethylase 1 inhibitor currently in clinical trials for the treatment of small cell lung carcinoma, was synthesized using this strategy.

Targeting KDM1A attenuates Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway to eliminate sorafenib-resistant stem-like cells in hepatocellular carcinoma.[Pubmed:28377178]

Cancer Lett. 2017 Jul 10;398:12-21.

Use of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is often hindered by the development of resistance, which has been recently shown to be associated with the emergence of a cancer stem cell (CSC) subpopulation. However, it remains largely unknown whether epigenetic mechanisms, especially histone posttranslational modifications, are causally linked to the maintenance of stem-like properties in sorafenib-resistant HCC. In this study, we report that the activity of lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A (KDM1A or LSD1) is required for the emergence of cancer stem cells following prolonged sorafenib treatment. As such, KDM1A inhibitors, such as pargyline and GSK2879552, dramatically suppress stem-like properties of sorafenib-resistant HCC cells. Mechanistically, KDM1A inhibitors derepress the expression of multiple upstream negative regulators of the Wnt signaling pathway to downregulate the beta-catenin pathway. More importantly, KDM1A inhibition resensitizes sorafenib-resistant HCC cells to sorafenib in vivo, at least in part through reducing a CSC pool, suggesting a promising opportunity for this therapeutic combination. Together, these findings suggest that KDM1A inhibitors may be utilized to alleviate acquired resistance to sorafenib, thus increasing the therapeutic efficacy of sorafenib in HCC patients.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines as potent lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1/KDM1A) inhibitors.[Pubmed:27769034]

Eur J Med Chem. 2017 Jan 5;125:940-951.

A new series of [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-based LSD1 inhibitors were designed, synthesized, and further evaluated for their cytotoxicity against MGC-803, EC109, A549 and PC-9 cells as well as the ability of inhibiting LSD1. Some of these compounds showed potent inhibition toward LSD1 and selectively inhibited growth of A549 and PC-9 cells. Compound 6l potently inhibited growth of PC-9 cells (IC50 = 0.59 muM), about 4-fold more potent than 5-FU. Further SARs studies led to the identification of compounds 6l-m, which had good growth inhibition against all the tested cancer cell lines and were much more potent than 5-FU and GSK2879552. Besides, compounds 5p, 5q and 6i inhibited LSD1 potently (IC50 = 0.154, 1.19 and 0.557 muM, respectively). Docking studies revealed that compound 5p formed arene-H interactions with Val333 and hydrogen bonds with surrounding Ala331, Met332, and Ala539 residues. Compound 5p significantly inhibited migration of A549 and PC-9 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, but had different effect on the expression of E-cadherin and N-cadherin. The [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine scaffold may serve as a starting point for developing potent LSD1 inhibitors for cancer therapy.

Antitumor activity of LSD1 inhibitors in lung cancer.[Pubmed:27308632]

Mol Cell Oncol. 2016 Jan 6;3(2):e1117700.

Epigenetic machinery have become a major focus for new targeted cancer therapies. Our previous report described the discovery and biological activity of a potent, selective, orally bioavailable, irreversible inhibitor of Lysine Demethylase 1 (LSD1), GSK2879552. A proliferation screen of cell lines representing a number of tumor types indicated that small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) was sensitive to LSD1 inhibition. The SCLC lines that undergo growth inhibition in response to GSK2879552 exhibit DNA hypomethylation of a signature set of probes suggesting this may be used as a predictive biomarker of activity. This targeted mechanism coupled with a novel predictive biomarker make LSD1 inhibition an exciting potential therapy for SCLC.

Irreversible LSD1 Inhibitors: Application of Tranylcypromine and Its Derivatives in Cancer Treatment.[Pubmed:26881714]

Curr Top Med Chem. 2016;16(19):2179-88.

Due to the increasing costs and time consuming for new drug discovery, a large number of pharmaceutical firms have chosen to modify the existing drug molecules for repositioning candidates with new or improved properties, especially those with severe adverse effects, thereby accelerating the drug discovery process. Such strategy has witnessed its success with several examples reported. As the first identified histone lysine specific demethylase, lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) is classified as a member of monoamine oxidase (MAO) superfamily, and specifically removes mono- and dimethylated histone 3 lysine 4 (H3K4) and H3 lysine 9 (H3K9). It has been reported that LSD1 and its downstream targets are involved in cancer cell growth and metastasis. Meanwhile, it is overexpressed in a variety of tumor cells. Inactivating LSD1 specifically inhibits tumor progression and metastasis. Hence, LSD1 inhibition may represent a new and promising direction in anti-cancer drug discovery. Based on the structure and cofactor of LSD1, some clinical applied MAO inhibitors have been identified as LSD1 inactivators. Among them, tranylcypromine presented the most potency against LSD1 and its derivatives were further developed by medicinal chemists in order to develop potent and selective LSD1 inhibitors. Currently, a number of tranylcypromine based LSD1 inhibitors have been developed and two of them, ORY-1001 and GSK2879552, are in clinical trials for cancer treatment. This review highlights recent advances in the repurposing of tranylcypromine and its derivatives as irreversible LSD1 inhibitors for cancer treatment, which are conventionally used for the treatment of depression.

A DNA Hypomethylation Signature Predicts Antitumor Activity of LSD1 Inhibitors in SCLC.[Pubmed:26175415]

Cancer Cell. 2015 Jul 13;28(1):57-69.

Epigenetic dysregulation has emerged as an important mechanism in cancer. Alterations in epigenetic machinery have become a major focus for targeted therapies. The current report describes the discovery and biological activity of a cyclopropylamine containing inhibitor of Lysine Demethylase 1 (LSD1), GSK2879552. This small molecule is a potent, selective, orally bioavailable, mechanism-based irreversible inactivator of LSD1. A proliferation screen of cell lines representing a number of tumor types indicated that small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is sensitive to LSD1 inhibition. The subset of SCLC lines and primary samples that undergo growth inhibition in response to GSK2879552 exhibit DNA hypomethylation of a signature set of probes, suggesting this may be used as a predictive biomarker of activity.

GSK2879552 is an orally available, irreversible inhibitor of lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), with potential antineoplastic activity.

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