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Aflatoxin G1

CAS# 1165-39-5

Aflatoxin G1

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Quality Control of Aflatoxin G1

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Chemical structure

Aflatoxin G1

3D structure

Chemical Properties of Aflatoxin G1

Cas No. 1165-39-5 SDF Download SDF
PubChem ID 14421 Appearance Powder
Formula C17H12O7 M.Wt 328.3
Type of Compound Phenols Storage Desiccate at -20°C
Solubility Soluble in Chloroform,Dichloromethane,Ethyl Acetate,DMSO,Acetone,etc.
SMILES COC1=C2C3=C(C(=O)OCC3)C(=O)OC2=C4C5C=COC5OC4=C1
Standard InChIKey XWIYFDMXXLINPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Standard InChI InChI=1S/C17H12O7/c1-20-9-6-10-12(8-3-5-22-17(8)23-10)14-11(9)7-2-4-21-15(18)13(7)16(19)24-14/h3,5-6,8,17H,2,4H2,1H3
General tips For obtaining a higher solubility , please warm the tube at 37 ℃ and shake it in the ultrasonic bath for a while.Stock solution can be stored below -20℃ for several months.
We recommend that you prepare and use the solution on the same day. However, if the test schedule requires, the stock solutions can be prepared in advance, and the stock solution must be sealed and stored below -20℃. In general, the stock solution can be kept for several months.
Before use, we recommend that you leave the vial at room temperature for at least an hour before opening it.
About Packaging 1. The packaging of the product may be reversed during transportation, cause the high purity compounds to adhere to the neck or cap of the vial.Take the vail out of its packaging and shake gently until the compounds fall to the bottom of the vial.
2. For liquid products, please centrifuge at 500xg to gather the liquid to the bottom of the vial.
3. Try to avoid loss or contamination during the experiment.
Shipping Condition Packaging according to customer requirements(5mg, 10mg, 20mg and more). Ship via FedEx, DHL, UPS, EMS or other couriers with RT, or blue ice upon request.

Source of Aflatoxin G1

From Aspergillus flavus

Biological Activity of Aflatoxin G1

DescriptionAflatoxin G1 (AFG1 ), a member of the AF family with cytotoxic and carcinogenic properties, could cause DNA damage in alveolar type II (AT-II) cells and induce lung adenocarcinoma. AFG1 induces TNF-α-dependent lung inflammation, which upregulates CYP2A13 to promote the metabolic activation of AFG1 and enhance oxidative DNA damage in AT-II cells. Dillapiol as a specific inhibitor of aflatoxin G1 production, it inhibited aflatoxin G1 production by Aspergillus parasiticus with an IC50 value of 0.15 microM.
TargetsTNF-α | NF-κB | CYP2A13
In vitro

Aflatoxin G1 uptake by cells of Flavobacterium aurantiacum.[Reference: WebLink]

Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 1967, 13(6):629.


METHODS AND RESULTS:
Aflatoxin G1 was removed from liquid cultures by growing and resting cells of Flavobacterium aurantiacum NRRL B-184. In inoculated culture media containing toxin levels of 7.5 p.p.m. and above, there was a protracted growth lag which was subsequently overcome; toxin removal then occurred, concomitant with growth. Only a few cells demonstrated aberrant morphological forms when cultured in the presence of Aflatoxin G1. A comparison of the effects of Aflatoxin G1 with B1 on growth and morphology showed that B1 was distinctly more toxic.
CONCLUSIONS:
Three hundred and thirty micrograms of Aflatoxin G1 was removed per 1 × 1013 resting cells during a 4-hour incubation period. Preincubation of resting cells with aflatoxin B1 did not interfere with subsequent uptake of G1.

Dillapiol and Apiol as specific inhibitors of the biosynthesis of aflatoxin G1 in Aspergillus parasiticus.[Pubmed: 17827697 ]

Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2007 Sep;71(9):2329-32.


METHODS AND RESULTS:
Dillapiol was isolated from the essential oil of dill as a specific inhibitor of Aflatoxin G1 production. It inhibited Aflatoxin G1 production by Aspergillus parasiticus with an IC50 value of 0.15 microM without inhibiting aflatoxin B1 production or fungal growth. Apiol and myristicin, congeners of dillapiol, showed similar activity with IC50 values of 0.24 and 3.5 microM, respectively.

In vivo

Aflatoxin G1 induced TNF-α-dependent lung inflammation to enhance DNA damage in alveolar epithelial cells.[Pubmed: 30478833]

J Cell Physiol. 2019 Jun;234(6):9194-9206.

Aflatoxin G1 (AFG1 ), a member of the AF family with cytotoxic and carcinogenic properties, could cause DNA damage in alveolar type II (AT-II) cells and induce lung adenocarcinoma. Recently, we found AFG1 could induce chronic lung inflammation associated with oxidative stress in the protumor stage. Chronic inflammation plays a critical role in cigarette smoke or benzo[a]pyrene-induced lung tissues damage. However, it is unclear whether and how AFG1 -induced lung inflammation affects DNA damage in AT-II cells.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
In this study, we found increased DNA damage and cytochrome P450 (CYP2A13) expression in AFG1 -induced inflamed lung tissues. Furthermore, we treated the mice with a soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α receptor and AFG1 and found that TNF-α neutralization inhibited the AFG1 -induced chronic lung inflammation in vivo, and then reversed the CYP2A13 expression and DNA damage in AT-II cells. The results suggest that AFG1 induces TNF-α-dependent lung inflammation to regulate 2A13 expression and enhance DNA damage in AT-II cells. Then, we treated the primary mice AT-II cells and human AT-II like cells (A549) with AFG1 and TNF-α and found that TNF-α enhanced the AFG1 -induced DNA damage in mice AT-II cells as well as A549 cells in vitro. In AFG1 -exposed A549 cells, TNF-α-enhanced DNA damage and apoptosis were reversed by CYP2A13 small interfering RNA. Blocking NF-κB pathway inhibited the TNF-α-enhanced CYP2A13 upregulation and DNA damage confirming that the CYP2A13 upregulation by TNF-α plays an essential role in the activation of AFG1 under inflammatory conditions.
CONCLUSIONS:
Taken together, our findings suggest that AFG1 induces TNF-α-dependent lung inflammation, which upregulates CYP2A13 to promote the metabolic activation of AFG1 and enhance oxidative DNA damage in AT-II cells.

Protocol of Aflatoxin G1

Structure Identification
Food Chem. 2019 Aug 29;305:125429.

Multi-mycotoxins analysis in liquid milk by UHPLC-Q-Exactive HRMS after magnetic solid-phase extraction based on PEGylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes.[Pubmed: 31505415]


METHODS AND RESULTS:
A simple and rapid magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) method using PEGylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes magnetic nanoparticles (PEG-MWCNTs-MNP) as absorbents is proposed for isolation and enrichment of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), Aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), aflatoxin G2 (AFG2), aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), aflatoxin M2 (AFM2), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), zearalanone (ZAN), α-zeralanol (α-ZAL), β-zeralanol (β-ZAL), α-zeralenol (α-ZOL), and β-zeralenol (β-ZOL) from liquid milk.Combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography Q-Exactive high resolution mass spectrometry, simultaneous qualification of these mycotoxins was achieved with sensitivity and specificity. The proposed method showed a good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.995), high sensitivity (limit of detection in the range of 0.005-0.050 μg/kg and limit of quantification in the range of 0.015-0.150 μg/kg), adequate recovery (81.8-106.4%), and good repeatability (intra-day precision in the range of 2.1-8.5% and inter-day precision in the range of 3.9-11.7%).
CONCLUSIONS:
It has been successfully applied to the determination of 13 mycotoxins in real liquid milk samples.

Aflatoxin G1 Dilution Calculator

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Aflatoxin G1 Molarity Calculator

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Preparing Stock Solutions of Aflatoxin G1

1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 20 mg 25 mg
1 mM 3.046 mL 15.23 mL 30.4599 mL 60.9199 mL 76.1499 mL
5 mM 0.6092 mL 3.046 mL 6.092 mL 12.184 mL 15.23 mL
10 mM 0.3046 mL 1.523 mL 3.046 mL 6.092 mL 7.615 mL
50 mM 0.0609 mL 0.3046 mL 0.6092 mL 1.2184 mL 1.523 mL
100 mM 0.0305 mL 0.1523 mL 0.3046 mL 0.6092 mL 0.7615 mL
* Note: If you are in the process of experiment, it's necessary to make the dilution ratios of the samples. The dilution data above is only for reference. Normally, it's can get a better solubility within lower of Concentrations.

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References on Aflatoxin G1

Aflatoxin G1 induced TNF-alpha-dependent lung inflammation to enhance DNA damage in alveolar epithelial cells.[Pubmed:30478833]

J Cell Physiol. 2019 Jun;234(6):9194-9206.

Aflatoxin G1 (AFG1 ), a member of the AF family with cytotoxic and carcinogenic properties, could cause DNA damage in alveolar type II (AT-II) cells and induce lung adenocarcinoma. Recently, we found AFG1 could induce chronic lung inflammation associated with oxidative stress in the protumor stage. Chronic inflammation plays a critical role in cigarette smoke or benzo[a]pyrene-induced lung tissues damage. However, it is unclear whether and how AFG1 -induced lung inflammation affects DNA damage in AT-II cells. In this study, we found increased DNA damage and cytochrome P450 (CYP2A13) expression in AFG1 -induced inflamed lung tissues. Furthermore, we treated the mice with a soluble tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha receptor and AFG1 and found that TNF-alpha neutralization inhibited the AFG1 -induced chronic lung inflammation in vivo, and then reversed the CYP2A13 expression and DNA damage in AT-II cells. The results suggest that AFG1 induces TNF-alpha-dependent lung inflammation to regulate 2A13 expression and enhance DNA damage in AT-II cells. Then, we treated the primary mice AT-II cells and human AT-II like cells (A549) with AFG1 and TNF-alpha and found that TNF-alpha enhanced the AFG1 -induced DNA damage in mice AT-II cells as well as A549 cells in vitro. In AFG1 -exposed A549 cells, TNF-alpha-enhanced DNA damage and apoptosis were reversed by CYP2A13 small interfering RNA. Blocking NF-kappaB pathway inhibited the TNF-alpha-enhanced CYP2A13 upregulation and DNA damage confirming that the CYP2A13 upregulation by TNF-alpha plays an essential role in the activation of AFG1 under inflammatory conditions. Taken together, our findings suggest that AFG1 induces TNF-alpha-dependent lung inflammation, which upregulates CYP2A13 to promote the metabolic activation of AFG1 and enhance oxidative DNA damage in AT-II cells.

Description

Aflatoxin G1 is one type of aflatoxins occuring in nature. It is produced by molds, such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aflatoxins are hepatogenic, teratogenic, imunosuppressive, and carcinogenic fungal metabolites found in feeds, nuts, wine-grapes, spices, and other grain crops.

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