Droxinostat

Droxinostat is a selective inhibitor of HDAC3, HDAC6, and HDAC8 with IC50 value of 16.9 ± 5.0 μM, 2.47 ± 1.09 μM, and 1.46 ± 0.11 μM, respectively [1].

HDACs (histone deacetylases) are enzymes responsible of the deacetylation of lysine that residues of core histones and play a pivotal role in controlling chromatin remodeling and transcriptional activation. It is also reported that HDACs control the acetylation and activation status of multiple non-histone proteins, including the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) which is an essential molecular chaperone for fungal virulence and antifungal resistance. Multiple HDACs have been identified and HDAC1 to HDAC10 are shown to express in malignant cells which reminds the HDAC inhibitor as a target for cancer therapy [2] [3].

Droxinostat is a selective HDAC inhibitor and is different from the known pan-HDACi TSA which inhibits all tested HDAC. When tested with prostate cancer line PPC-1 cells, droxinostat treatment selectively inhibited HDAC3, HDAC6, and HDAC8 activity at the concentration of 50 μM/L which sensitized cells to death ligands [1]. In androgen-dependent CaP cells, administration of droxinostat selectively inhibited HDACs and downregulated c-FLP expression which resulted in cells apoptosis [4].

References:
[1].  Wood, T.E., et al., Selective inhibition of histone deacetylases sensitizes malignant cells to death receptor ligands. Mol Cancer Ther, 2010. 9(1): p. 246-56.
[2].  Lamoth, F., P.R. Juvvadi, and W.J. Steinbach, Histone deacetylase inhibition as an alternative strategy against invasive aspergillosis. Front Microbiol, 2015. 6: p. 96.
[3].  Mackmull, M.T., et al., Histone deacetylase inhibitors cause the selective depletion of bromodomain containing proteins. Mol Cell Proteomics, 2015.
[4].  McCourt, C., et al., Elevation of c-FLIP in castrate-resistant prostate cancer antagonizes therapeutic response to androgen receptor-targeted therapy. Clin Cancer Res, 2012. 18(14): p. 3822-33.

Droxinostat, a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, Induces Apoptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines via Activation of the Mitochondrial Pathway and Downregulation of FLIP.[Pubmed:26947884]

Transl Oncol. 2016 Feb;9(1):70-78.

BACKGROUND: The current chemotherapeutic outcomes for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are not encouraging, and long-term survival of this patient group remains poor. Recent studies have demonstrated the utility of histone deacetylase inhibitors that can disrupt cell proliferation and survival in HCC management. However, the effects of Droxinostat, a type of histone deacetylase inhibitor, on HCC remain to be established. METHODS: The effects of Droxinostat on HCC cell lines SMMC-7721 and HepG2 were investigated. Histone acetylation and apoptosis-modulating proteins were assessed via Western blot. Proliferation was examined with 3-(4, 5 dimetyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl 2H-tetrazolium bromide, cell proliferation, and real-time cell viability assays, and apoptosis with flow cytometry. RESULTS: Droxinostat inhibited proliferation and colony formation of the HCC cell lines examined. Hepatoma cell death was induced through activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and downregulation of FLIP expression. Droxinostat suppressed histone deacetylase (HDAC) 3 expression and promoted acetylation of histones H3 and H4. Knockdown of HDAC3 induced hepatoma cell apoptosis and histone H3 and H4 acetylation. CONCLUSIONS: Droxinostat suppresses HDAC3 expression and induces histone acetylation and HCC cell death through activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and downregulation of FLIP, supporting its potential application in the treatment of HCC.

Droxinostat(NS41080) is a selective inhibitor of HDAC3, HDAC6, and HDAC8 with IC50 of 16.9, 2.47 and 1.46 μM, respectively; > 8-fold selective against HDAC3 and no inhibition to HDAC1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, and 10.

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