5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine

Deoxycytidine analog and cellular diifferentiation inducer CAS# 2353-33-5

5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine

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5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine:5mg $66.00 In Stock
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Chemical structure

5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine

3D structure

Chemical Properties of 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine

Cas No. 2353-33-5 SDF Download SDF
PubChem ID 16886 Appearance Powder
Formula C8H12N4O4 M.Wt 228.21
Type of Compound Alkaloids Storage Desiccate at -20°C
Synonyms 2'-Deoxy-5-azacytidine, 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine, NSC 127716
Solubility DMSO : ≥ 50 mg/mL (219.10 mM)
*"≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.
Chemical Name 4-amino-1-[4-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-2-yl]-1,3,5-triazin-2-one
SMILES C1C(C(OC1N2C=NC(=NC2=O)N)CO)O
Standard InChIKey XAUDJQYHKZQPEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
General tips For obtaining a higher solubility , please warm the tube at 37 ℃ and shake it in the ultrasonic bath for a while.Stock solution can be stored below -20℃ for several months.
We recommend that you prepare and use the solution on the same day. However, if the test schedule requires, the stock solutions can be prepared in advance, and the stock solution must be sealed and stored below -20℃. In general, the stock solution can be kept for several months.
Before use, we recommend that you leave the vial at room temperature for at least an hour before opening it.
About Packaging 1. The packaging of the product may be reversed during transportation, cause the high purity compounds to adhere to the neck or cap of the vial.Take the vail out of its packaging and shake gently until the compounds fall to the bottom of the vial.
2. For liquid products, please centrifuge at 500xg to gather the liquid to the bottom of the vial.
3. Try to avoid loss or contamination during the experiment.
Shipping Condition Packaging according to customer requirements(5mg, 10mg, 20mg and more). Ship via FedEx, DHL, UPS, EMS or other couriers with RT, or blue ice upon request.

Biological Activity of 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine

Description1. Decitabine (5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine) is a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor and an archetypal epigenetic drug for the therapy of myeloid leukemias. 2. Aza-2'-deoxycitidine exerts its anti-tumor effects in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) cells by inhibiting the telomerase activity.
TargetsTelomerase | DNA Methyltransferase | p21

Protocol

Cell experiment [1]:

Cell lines

Human and murine melanoma cells (A375 and B16).

Preparation method

The solubility of this compound in DMSO is >10 mM. General tips for obtaining a higher concentration: Please warm the tube at 37℃ for 10 minutes and/or shake it in the ultrasonic bath for a while. Stock solution can be stored below -20℃ for several months.

Reacting condition

Decitabine 0.5 μM added on Days 1 and 4 and images are obtained on Day 8.

Applications

Decitabine decreases melanoma cell line proliferation and induces morphologic changes of differentiation.

Animal experiment [2]:

Animal models

Mice bearing U2OS xenografts.

Dosage form

2.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally on Days 29, 31 and 33. On Day 37, mice are sacrificed.

Preparation method

Dissolved in saline (0.9% w/v NaCl).

Application

Decitabine significantly reduces tumor xenograft size and lowers mitotic activity, increases the amount of apoptotic cells and bone matrix production. Decitabine also increases the expression of GADD45A, HSPA9B, PAWR, PDCD5, NFKBIA, and TNFAIP3 to ≥2-fold, which are pro-apoptotic genes [2].

Other notes

Please test the solubility of all compounds indoor, and the actual solubility may slightly differ with the theoretical value. This is caused by an experimental system error and it is normal.

References:

[1]. Alcazar O, Achberger S, Aldrich W, et al. Epigenetic regulation by decitabine of melanoma differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Int J Cancer, 2012, 131(1): 18-29.

[2]. Al-Romaih K, Somers GR, Bayani J, et al. Modulation by decitabine of gene expression and growth of osteosarcoma U2OS cells in vitro and in xenografts: identification of apoptotic genes as targets for demethylation. Cancer Cell Int, 2007, 7: 14.

5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine Dilution Calculator

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5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine Molarity Calculator

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Preparing Stock Solutions of 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine

1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 20 mg 25 mg
1 mM 4.3819 mL 21.9096 mL 43.8193 mL 87.6386 mL 109.5482 mL
5 mM 0.8764 mL 4.3819 mL 8.7639 mL 17.5277 mL 21.9096 mL
10 mM 0.4382 mL 2.191 mL 4.3819 mL 8.7639 mL 10.9548 mL
50 mM 0.0876 mL 0.4382 mL 0.8764 mL 1.7528 mL 2.191 mL
100 mM 0.0438 mL 0.2191 mL 0.4382 mL 0.8764 mL 1.0955 mL
* Note: If you are in the process of experiment, it's necessary to make the dilution ratios of the samples. The dilution data above is only for reference. Normally, it's can get a better solubility within lower of Concentrations.

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Background on 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine

Decitabine is a kind of deoxycytidine analog and an inducer of cellular differentiation. It is able to incorporate into DNA and form irreversible covalent bonds with DNA-methyltransferases at cytosine sites targeted for DNA methylation by increasing γ-globin expression through a posttranscriptional mechanism independent of DNA methylation. Decitabine has been shown substantial efficacy in reactivating epigenetically silenced tumor suppressor genes in vitro. In colon cancer cell lines, decitabine can increase the histone H3-lysine 9 acetylation: methylation ratio at the unmethylated hMLH1 and MGMT promoters in HCT116 and RKO cells, respectively. In T24 bladder cancer cells, decitabine can increase histone H3-lysine 9 acetylation and histone H3-lysine 4 methylation at the unmethylated p14 promoter.

Reference

Carlo Stresemann, Frank Lyko. Modes of action of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitors azacytidine and decitabine. International Journal of Cancer. 2008; 123(1): 8 – 13.

Jean-Pierre J. Issa, Guillermo Garcia-Manero, Francis J. Giles, Rajan Mannari, Deborah Thomas, Stefan Faderl, Emel Bayar, John Lyons, Craig S. Rosenfeld, Jorge Cortes, and Hagop M. Kantarjian. Phase 1 study of low-dose prolonged exposure schedules of the hypomethylating agent 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine (decitabine) in hematopoietic malignancies. Blood. 2004; 103 (5): 1635 – 40.

Hagop Kantarjian, Yasuhiro Oki, Guillermo Garcia-Manero, Xuelin Huang, Susan O’Brien, Jorge Cortes, Stefan Faderl, Carlos Bueso-Ramos, Farhad Ravandi, Zeev Estrov, Alessandra Ferrajoli, William Wierda, Jianqin Shan, Jan Davis,

Francis Giles, Hussain I. Saba, and Jean-Pierre J. Issa. Results of a randomized study of 3 schedules of low-dose decitabine in higher-risk myelodysplastic syndrome and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Blood. 2007; 109 (1): 52 – 57.

Stuart A. Scotta, Wei-Feng Donga, Calley Hirscha, David Sheridana, Stephen E. Sanchea, C. Ronald Geyera, John F. DeCoteau. 5-Aza-2-deoxycytidine (decitabine) can relieve p21WAF1 repression in human acute myeloid leukemia by a mechanism involving release of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) without requiring p21WAF1 promoter demethylation. Leukemia Research. 2006; 30(1): 69 – 76.

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References on 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine

Quantitative determination of decitabine incorporation into DNA and its effect on mutation rates in human cancer cells.[Pubmed:25159616]

Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Oct 29;42(19):e152.

Decitabine (5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine) is a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor and an archetypal epigenetic drug for the therapy of myeloid leukemias. The mode of action of decitabine strictly depends on the incorporation of the drug into DNA. However, DNA incorporation and ensuing genotoxic effects of decitabine have not yet been investigated in human cancer cell lines or in models related to the approved indication of the drug. Here we describe a robust assay for the quantitative determination of decitabine incorporation rates into DNA from human cancer cells. Using a panel of human myeloid leukemia cell lines we show appreciable amounts of decitabine incorporation that closely correlated with cellular drug uptake. Decitabine incorporation was also detectable in primary cells from myeloid leukemia patients, indicating that the assay is suitable for biomarker analyses to predict drug responses in patients. Finally, we also used next-generation sequencing to comprehensively analyze the effects of decitabine incorporation on the DNA sequence level. Interestingly, this approach failed to reveal significant changes in the rates of point mutations and genome rearrangements in myeloid leukemia cell lines. These results indicate that standard rates of decitabine incorporation are not genotoxic in myeloid leukemia cells.

The DNA Methyltransferase DNMT1 and Tyrosine-Protein Kinase KIT Cooperatively Promote Resistance to 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (Decitabine) and Midostaurin (PKC412) in Lung Cancer Cells.[Pubmed:26085088]

J Biol Chem. 2015 Jul 24;290(30):18480-94.

Lung cancer cells are sensitive to 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (decitabine) or midostaurin (PKC412), because decitabine restores the expression of methylation-silenced tumor suppressor genes, whereas PKC412 inhibits hyperactive kinase signaling, which is essential for cancer cell growth. Here, we demonstrated that resistance to decitabine (decitabine(R)) or PKC412 (PKC412(R)) eventually results from simultaneously remethylated DNA and reactivated kinase cascades. Indeed, both decitabine(R) and PKC412(R) displayed the up-regulation of DNA methyltransferase DNMT1 and tyrosine-protein kinase KIT, the enhanced phosphorylation of KIT and its downstream effectors, and the increased global and gene-specific DNA methylation with the down-regulation of tumor suppressor gene epithelial cadherin CDH1. Interestingly, decitabine(R) and PKC412(R) had higher capability of colony formation and wound healing than parental cells in vitro, which were attributed to the hyperactive DNMT1 or KIT, because inactivation of KIT or DNMT1 reciprocally blocked decitabine(R) or PKC412(R) cell proliferation. Further, DNMT1 knockdown sensitized PKC412(R) cells to PKC412; conversely, KIT depletion synergized with decitabine in eliminating decitabine(R). Importantly, when engrafted into nude mice, decitabine(R) and PKC412(R) had faster proliferation with stronger tumorigenicity that was caused by the reactivated KIT kinase signaling and further CDH1 silencing. These findings identify functional cross-talk between KIT and DNMT1 in the development of drug resistance, implying the reciprocal targeting of protein kinases and DNA methyltransferases as an essential strategy for durable responses in lung cancer.

Safety and clinical activity of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (decitabine) with or without Hyper-CVAD in relapsed/refractory acute lymphocytic leukaemia.[Pubmed:25066676]

Br J Haematol. 2014 Nov;167(3):356-65.

To test the safety and activity of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (decitabine) in patients with relapsed/refractory acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL), we conducted a phase 1 study with two parts: administering decitabine alone or in combination with Hyper-CVAD (fractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin and dexamethasone alternating with high-dose methotrexate and cytarabine). Patients participated in either part of the study or in both parts sequentially. In the initial part, decitabine was administered intravenously at doses of 10-120 mg/m(2) per d for 5 d every other week in cycles of 28 d. In the combination part, patients were treated on the first 5 d of Hyper-CVAD with intravenous decitabine at 5-60 mg/m(2) per d. A total of 39 patients received treatment in the study: 14 in the first part only, 16 sequentially in both parts and 9 in the second part only. Decitabine was tolerated at all doses administered, and grade 3 or 4 toxic effects included non-life-threatening hepatotoxicity and hyperglycaemia. Induction of DNA hypomethylation was observed at doses of decitabine up to 80 mg/m(2) . Some patients who had previously progressed on Hyper-CVAD alone achieved a complete response when decitabine was added. Decitabine alone or given with Hyper-CVAD is safe and has clinical activity in patients with advanced ALL.

Anti-tumor effect of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine by inhibiting telomerase activity in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.[Pubmed:22654424]

World J Gastroenterol. 2012 May 21;18(19):2334-43.

AIM: To investigate the effect of the demethylating reagent 5-aza-2'-deoxycitidine (DAC) on telomerase activity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines, SMMC-7721 and HepG2. METHODS: The related gene expression in cell lines was examined by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analysis. The telomerase activity was examined by telomeric repeat amplification protocol-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and DNA methylation was determined by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The telomerase activity was significantly reduced in both cell lines treated with DAC, accompanied by downregulation of telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). We also observed the effect of DAC on the methylation status of hTERT promoter and the expression of regulatory genes, such as c-myc, p15, p16, p21, E2F1, and WT1. The methylation status of hTERT promoter could be reversed in SMMC-7721 by DAC, but not in HepG2 cells. However, p16 expression could be reactivated by demethylation of its promoter, and c-Myc expression was repressed in both cell lines. Moreover, DAC could enhance the sensitivity to the chemotherapeutic agents, such as cisplatin, by induction of apoptosis of HCC cells. CONCLUSION: The DAC exerts its anti-tumor effects in HCC cells by inhibiting the telomerase activity.

Pharmacology of 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (decitabine).[Pubmed:16015507]

Semin Hematol. 2005 Jul;42(3 Suppl 2):S9-16.

The preclinical pharmacology of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (decitabine, 5AZA-CdR) is reviewed. 5AZA-CdR, an analogue of deoxycytidine, is a prodrug that requires metabolic activation by deoxycytidine kinase. The active inhibitor in the cell is its triphosphate form (5AZA-dCTP), which incorporates very readily into DNA to produce an inhibition of DNA methyltransferase. The mechanism responsible for the antileukemic action of 5AZA-CdR is related to its reversal of epigenetic silencing by aberrant DNA methylation of genes that suppress leukemiogenesis. 5AZA-CdR is an S-phase-specific agent. At concentrations in the range of micromolars this analogue can induce terminal differentiation and loss of clonogenicity of human leukemic cells. Drug resistance to 5AZA-CdR occurs primarily by reduction in deoxycytidine kinase activity or increase in the activity of cytidine deaminase, the enzyme that inactivates this analogue. 5AZA-CdR is a very potent antileukemic agent in animal models, more effective than the related antileukemic drug, cytosine arabinoside. In humans, 5AZA-CdR has a short half-life of 15 to 25 minutes due to rapid inactivation by liver cytidine deaminase. The major toxicity produced by 5AZA-CdR is myelosuppression. Preliminary clinical studies in patients with hematologic malignancies indicate that 5AZA-CdR is an active chemotherapeutic agent. The optimal dose-schedule for this interesting epigenetic agent with a novel mechanism of action remains to be determined. Translation of the pharmacology of 5AZA-CdR into therapeutic regimens based on scientific rationale can be used to obtain this objective.

Inhibition of DNA methylation by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine suppresses the growth of human tumor cell lines.[Pubmed:9426064]

Cancer Res. 1998 Jan 1;58(1):95-101.

Alterations in DNA methylation patterns accompany the establishment of immortal cell lines. De novo methylation of CpG islands within the control regions of growth-regulatory genes may inactivate their transcription, giving cells selective growth advantages in culture. We exposed seven human tumor cell lines and two human fibroblast cell strains to the demethylating agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR), to determine whether the silencing of growth-regulatory genes by de novo methylation in immortalized cell lines could be reversed, possibly restoring growth control. After recovery from the immediate cytotoxic effects of 5-Aza-CdR, this agent suppressed cellular growth in all seven tumor lines but not in either fibroblast strain. Because alterations in the p16 (CDKN2/MTS1) cell cycle regulatory gene are associated with numerous cancers, we analyzed expression of this gene before and after 5-Aza-CdR treatment. The gene was reactivated by 5-Aza-CdR treatment in three of four tumor cell lines not expressing p16, whereas the fourth tumor line contained a p16 homozygous deletion. p16 was shown to be hypermethylated only in the cell lines and its up-regulation by 5-Aza-CdR was associated with demethylation of the p16 promoter. The remaining tumor lines expressed p16 at constant levels before and after 5-Aza-CdR treatment and showed minimal p16 promoter methylation, suggesting that other growth-regulatory genes may have been silenced by de novo methylation in these cells. p16 expression, cell growth inhibition, and G1 cell cycle arrest by 5-Aza-CdR in the T24 bladder tumor cell line were also heritable after prolonged passage in culture. Furthermore, a dormant p16 gene was reactivated in T24 cells growing in nu/nu rats, and 5-Aza-CdR treatment of T24 cells before inoculation into nu/nu mice decreased the rate of tumor growth. These results suggest that 5-Aza-CdR may slow the growth of tumor cells by reactivating growth-regulatory genes silenced by de novo methylation.

Description

Decitabine (5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine) is a deoxycytidine analogue antimetabolite and a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor. Decitabine incorporates into DNA in place of cytosine can covalently trap DNA methyltransferase to DNA causing irreversible inhibition of the enzyme. Decitabine induces cell G2/M arrest and cell apoptosis. Decitabine has potent anticancer activity.

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